chp 14 Flashcards
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
abnormal functioning can occur
children of all cultures experience some
____ is a common experience
what problems are experienced by many children?
- Abnormal functioning can occur at any time in life
- Children of all cultures typically experience at least some emotional and behavioral problems as they encounter new people and situations
- -Surveys indicate that worry is a common experience
- -Bed-wetting, nightmares, temper tantrums, and restlessness are other problems experienced by many children
Childhood and Adolescence
Adolescence can be
what changes and pressures cause
bullying
all victims are upset but some are more
- Adolescence can also be a difficult period
- Physical and sexual changes, social and academic pressures, personal doubts, and temptation cause many teenagers to feel anxious, confused, and depressed
Bullying
- 20 percent of students report being bullied frequently; more than 50 percent report having been a victim at least once
- All victims of bullying are upset by it, but some individuals seem to be more traumatized by the experience than are others
- Why might this be so?
Bullies tend to:
Display antisocial behaviors Perform poorly in school Drop out of school Bring weapons to school Drink alcohol Smoke cigarettes Use drugs
Effects of bullying:
Depression Suicidal thinking and attempts Anxiety Low self-esteem Sleep problems Somatic symptoms Substance use and abuse School problems and/or phobias Antisocial behavior
Cyberbullying
takes the place through
who is more likely to be cyberbullied
T-akes place through e-mail, text messaging, Web sites and apps, instant messaging, chat rooms, or posted videos or photos
- 40–50 percent of all children and teens have been bullied online at least once; 21 percent are bullied online frequently
- Girls are at least 50 percent more likely than boys to be cyberbullied on a regular basis
Some disorders of children
have adult counterparts
(e.g., childhood anxiety disorders and childhood depression)
-Other childhood disorders (e.g., elimination disorders) usually disappear or radically change form by adulthood
-Some disorders begin in birth or childhood and persist in stable forms into adult life
Autism spectrum disorder
Intellectual disability
Childhood Anxiety Disorders
- some level of anxiety is
- children may be strongly affected by
- genetic studies show
- dominated by what symptoms
-Some level of anxiety is a normal part of childhood
-Children may be strongly affected by parental problems or inadequacies
Divorce, illness, or long-term separation
-Genetic studies suggest that some children are prone to an anxious temperament
-14–25 percent of all children and adolescents experience an anxiety disorder
Typically dominated by behavioral and somatic symptoms rather than cognitive ones
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- ____ of anxious children go untreated
- treatment is
- Displayed by 4–10 percent of all children
- Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent
- Two-thirds of anxious children go untreated
- Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, family, and group therapies, separately or in combination, have been applied most often, each with some degree of success
Selective Mutism
-begins when
- In selective mutism, children consistently fail to speak in certain social situations, but show no difficulty at all speaking in others
- Disorder often begins as early as the preschool years
- Affects at least 4 percent of all children
selective mutism checklist
Checklist
-Individual persistently does not speak in certain social situations in which speech is expected, although speaking in other situations presents no problem
-Academic or social interference
Individual’s symptoms last 1 month or more, and are not limited to the first 4 weeks of a new school year
-Symptoms not due to autism spectrum disorder, thought disorder, or language or communication disorder
Treatments for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
-play therapy
- Despite the high prevalence of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders, two-thirds of anxious children go untreated
- -Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, family, and group therapies, separately or in combination, have been used most often
- -Play therapy: Children play with toys, draw, and make up stories; in doing so, they are thought to reveal the conflicts in their lives and their related feelings
PsychWatch: Child Abuse
- abusers usually the
- short term effects long term effects
- need to be addressed when
- 5 to16 percent of children in the United States are physically abused each year; abusers are usually the child’s parents
- Studies suggest victims of child abuse may suffer both immediate and long-term psychological effects
- -Short-term effects: Anxiety, depression, bed-wetting
- -Long-term effects: Lack of social acceptance, alcohol and substance abuse, impulsivity
- The psychological needs of children who have been abused should be addressed as early as possible
Major Depressive Disorder
- triggered by what
- characterized by what symptoms
- more common in who
- suicidal thoughts and attempts are common in who
- Depression in the young may be triggered by negative life events (particularly losses), major changes, rejection, or ongoing abuse
- Childhood depression is characterized by such symptoms as headaches, stomach pain, irritability, and disinterest in toys and games
- Clinical depression is much more common among teenagers than among young children
- -Suicidal thoughts and attempts are common in teenagers
Bipolar Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (part 1)
- bipolar disorder considered
- diagnosis has become a
- shift in diagnoses accompanies
- DSM-5 concluded that
- help rectify problem,
- Bipolar disorder is often considered an adult mood disorder, whose earliest age of onset is the late teens
- -Theorists suggest the bipolar disorder diagnosis has become a clinical “catch-all” that is being applied to almost every explosive, aggressive child
- -The current shift in diagnoses has been accompanied by an increase in the number of children who receive adult medications
- A DSM-5 task force concluded that the childhood bipolar label has been overapplied over the past two decades
- To help rectify this problem, DSM-5 includes a new category: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
Checklist: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- For at least a year, individual repeatedly displays severe outbursts of temper that are extremely out of proportion to triggering situations and different from ones displayed by most other individuals of his or her age
- Outbursts occur at least three times per week and are present in at least two settings (home, school, with peers)
- Individual repeatedly displays irritable or angry mood between the outbursts
- Individual receives initial diagnosis between 6 and 18 years of age
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
are repeatedly
characterized by
children ignore what
- Oppositional defiant disorder: Children with this disorder are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive
- -Characterized by repeated arguments with adults, loss of temper, anger, and resentment
- -Children ignore adult requests and rules, try to annoy people, and blame others for their mistakes and problems
Conduct Disorder (part 1) -more -often what and may be \_\_\_\_ -many what -begins when overt-destructive over-nondestructive covert-destructive cover-nondestructive
- Conduct disorder: A more severe problem, in which children repeatedly violate others’ basic rights
- -Often aggressive and may be physically cruel to people and animals
- -Many steal from, threaten, or harm their victims
- -Begins between 7 and 15 years of age
- -Overt-destructive pattern: Individuals display openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors
- -Overt-nondestructive pattern: Dominated by openly offensive but nonconfrontational behaviors such as lying
- -Covert-destructive pattern: Characterized by secretive destructive behaviors
- -Covert-nondestructive pattern: Individuals secretly commit nondestructive behaviors
Relational aggression:
-more common among who
- Individuals are socially isolated and primarily display social misdeeds
- -Slander
- -Rumor-starting
- -Friendship manipulation
- More common among girls than boys
What Are the Causes of Conduct Disorder?
most tied to
- Many cases of conduct disorder have been linked to genetic and biological factors, drug abuse, poverty, traumatic events, and exposure to violent peers or community violence
- Cases have most often been tied to troubled parent–child relationships, inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility
How Do Clinicians Treat Conduct Disorder?
-most effective when
- Treatments are generally most effective with children younger than age 13
- Today’s clinicians are increasingly combining several approaches into a wide-ranging treatment program
- Sociocultural treatments
- Child-focused treatments
- Prevention
Sociocultural Treatments
-Family interventions
Parent–child interaction therapy-teach them to work with child
Parent management training-help improve family function, deal with child more effectively
-Residential treatment
Community based-treatment for foster care
-School programs
Child-Focused Treatments
-coping power program
- Focus primarily on the child with conduct disorder
- Cognitive-behavioral interventions
- Problem-solving skills training
- -Modeling, practice, role-playing, and systematic rewards
- Coping Power Program-manage anger more efficiently
Prevention
-is the greatest ___
programs try to change
all approaches work best when they
- The greatest hope for reducing the problem of conduct disorder lies in prevention programs that begin in early childhood
- -These programs try to change unfavorable social conditions before a conduct disorder is able to develop
- -All such approaches work best when they educate and involve the family
Elimination Disorders
repeatedly
already reached an age
symptoms not caused by
- Children with elimination disorders repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor
- They have already reached an age at which they are expected to control these bodily functions
- -These symptoms are not caused by physical illness
Enuresis
- typically occurs at
- may be triggered by what
- children must be at least
- most cases without treatment
-Enuresis: Repeated involuntary (or in some cases intentional) bed-wetting or wetting of one’s clothes
-Typically occurs at night during sleep, but may also occur during the day
May be triggered by a stressful event
-Children must be at least 5 years of age to receive this diagnosis
-Most cases of enuresis correct themselves without treatment
Encopresis less common then usually seldom occurs start after age more common in
- Encopresis: Soiling; defecation into clothing
- -Less common than enuresis and less well researched
- -Usually involuntary
- -Seldom occurs during sleep
- -Starts after the age of 4
- -More common in boys than in girls
