chp. 13 Flashcards
Personality
Uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions
Personality traits
Particular, predictable, flexible characteristics
Personality disorder
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that leads to significant problems and psychological pain for self and others
Personality Disorder checklist
- Individual displays a long-term, rigid, and wide-ranging pattern of inner experience and behavior that leads to dysfunction in at least two of the following realms:
- Cognition
- Emotion
- Social interactions
- Impulsivity. - The individual’s pattern is significantly different from ones usually found in his or her culture.
- Individual experiences significant distress or impairment.
Personality Disorders
- Symptoms last for
- Among the most ___ disorders to treat
- Comorbidity
- Symptoms last for years
- Among the most difficult psychological disorders to treat
- Affect around 15 percent of the U.S. population at some point in life
- Comorbidity is common
DSM-5 identifies ten personality disorders, which are organized into three categories
clusters
-Odd or eccentric behavior
Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
-Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
Antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders
-Anxious or fearful behavior
Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
Why do some theorists challenge the use of the DSM-5 categorical approach to personality disorders?
Which alternative approaches do they propose?
Odd or eccentric behavior
Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
Antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders
Anxious or fearful behavior
Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
“Odd” Personality Disorders
clusters-
People with these disorders display behaviors similar to, but not as extensive as
Few people with these disorders seek
Cluster of “odd” personality disorders includes
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder
People with these disorders display behaviors similar to, but not as extensive as, schizophrenia
Few people with these disorders seek treatment; treatment success is limited
Paranoid personality disorder -Characterized by deep --Limited close -Excessive trust in -Blame more common in -Psychodynamic -Cognitive views
Characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others
-Limited close relationships; cold and distant affect
-Excessive trust in own ideas and abilities; critical of weakness and fault in others particularly at work
-Blame others, bear grudges, very sensitive
Experienced by about 4.4 percent of U.S. adults; more common in men than in women
- Psychodynamic (childhood mistreatment; demanding parents)
- Cognitive views (maladaptive assumptions)
How Do Theorists Explain
Paranoid Personality Disorder?
Psychodynamic theorists trace the pattern back to early interactions with
Cognitive theorists suggest that
Biological theorists propose
Psychodynamic theorists trace the pattern back to early interactions with demanding parents
Cognitive theorists suggest that maladaptive assumptions such as “People are evil and will attack you if given the chance” are to blame
Biological theorists propose genetic causes and have looked at twin studies to support this model
Paranoid personality disorder (same information as previous)
- Psychodynamic:
- Cognitive-behavioral:
- Biological:
Theoretical explanations
- Psychodynamic: Linked to patterns of early interactions with demanding parents
- Cognitive-behavioral: Tied to broad maladaptive assumptions
- Biological: Genetic causes
- Little systematic research
Schizoid personality disorder
- Characterized by persistent avoidance of
- Individual focuses primarily on unaffected by ____
- Preference for being
- -Focus mainly on
- -Often seen as
- more in what gender
Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships; little demonstration of emotions
- Individual focuses primarily on self and is generally unaffected by praise or criticism
- Preference for being alone; weak social skills
- Lack of intimacy interest; often marital or family problems
- Focus mainly on themselves
- Often seen as cold, humorless, and dull
Present in 3.1 percent of U.S. adults; slightly more common in men than in women
How Do Theorists Explain Schizoid Personality Disorder?
- Many psychodynamic theorists, particularly object relations theorists, link schizoid personality disorder to an unsatisfied need for
- Cognitive theorists propose that people with schizoid personality disorder suffer from deficiencies in their
Many psychodynamic theorists, particularly object relations theorists, link schizoid personality disorder to an unsatisfied need for human contact
Cognitive theorists propose that people with schizoid personality disorder suffer from deficiencies in their thinking
Schizoid personality disorder
Theoretical explanations
Psychodynamic-unnaccepting
-Cognitive-behavioral: inability to pick up
- Psychodynamic: Rooted in unsatisfied need for human contact; unaccepting and/or abusive parents; objects relations theory
- Cognitive-behavioral: Tied to deficiencies in thinking; inability to pick up emotional cues; language and motor skills delays
Schizotypal personality disorder
Characterized by a range of interpersonal problems, marked by
–Individuals believe unrelated events pertain to
-Demonstrate difficulty keeping attention
-what gender
- Characterized by a range of interpersonal problems, marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities
- Individuals believe unrelated events pertain to them in important ways; bodily illusions
- Demonstrate difficulty keeping attention focused; conversation is typically digressive and vague, even sprinkled with loose associations
- Affects 3.9 percent of adults; slightly more males than females
How Do Theorists Explain Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
- biological high
- family __
Schizotypal symptoms linked to
- Some of the same biological factors found in schizophrenia, such as high dopamine activity
- Family conflicts and psychological disorders in parents
- High activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, and loss of gray matter