Chp 13 Mod 4A

Question 1

Signs and Symptoms of Asthma

Answer 1

• Wheezing on Inspiraton/expiration
• Bronchospasm

Question 2

Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

Answer 2

• Flushed skin or hives
• Generalized Edema
• Decreased Blood Pressure
• Laryngeal edema with dyspnea

Question 3

Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis

Answer 3

• Chronic Cough
• Wheezing
• Cyanosis
• Productive Cough

Question 4

Signs and Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 4

• Dependent Edema
• Rales
• Parxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 5

Signs and Symptoms of Croup

Answer 5

• Fever
• Barking Cough
• Mostly seen in pediatric patients

Question 6

Signs and Symptoms of Emphysema

Answer 6

• Barrel Chest
• Pursed Lip Breathing
• Dyspnea on exertion

Question 7

Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia

Answer 7

• Dyspnea
• Chills, Fever
• Cough
• Dark Sputum

Question 8

Signs and Symptoms of Pneumothorax

Answer 8

• Sudden chest pain with dyspnea
• Decreased lung sounds/affected side

Question 9

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolus

Answer 9

• Sharp, Pinpoint Pain
• Dyspnea
• Sudden Onset
• After childbirth or surgery

Question 10

Signs and Symptoms of Tension Pneumothorax

Answer 10

• Progressive shortness of breath
• Increasing altered level of consciousness
• Neck vein distention
• Tracheal deviation

Question 11

Signs and Symptoms of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Answer 11

• Coughing Spells
• “Whooping” sound
• Fever
• Mostly seen in pediatric patients

Question 12

Characteristics of Bronchitis

Answer 12

• Acute/chronic inflammatoin of the air passages (bronchi and bronchioles) often due to infection, and usually associated with a productive ocugh, and usually presents without fever.
• Accumulation of fluid within the air passages, as well as swelling of the walls, restrics air flow and may ead to signs of asthma such as wheezing. Often associated with rhonchi. Crackles are usually not present.
• Breathing pattern does not indicate major airway obstruction. Patient may experience tachypnea which attempts to commpensate for the reduced amount of normal lung tissue and for buildup of fluid.

Question 13

Characteristics of Common Cold

Answer 13

• Viral infection usually associated with swollen nasal mucous membranes and the productino of fluid from the sinuses and nose.
• Dyspnea is not severe; patients complain of stuffiness or difficultly breathing through the nose.

Question 14

Characteristics of Tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 14

• Disease that can lay dormant in a person’s lungs for decades then reactivate.
• Many TB strains are resistant to many antibiotics.
• Spread by cough; droplet nuclei can remain intact for decades.
• Use HEPA mask when dealing with TB.

Question 15

Characteristics of Diphtheria

Answer 15

• Highly contagious and serious when it occurs.
• Causes formation of diphtheritic membrane lining the pharynx which will be composed of debris, inflammatory cells, and mucus. This membrane can rapidly and severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx.

Question 16

Characteristics of Pneumonia

Answer 16

• Acute bacterial or viral infection of the lung that damages lung tissue, usually associated with fever, cough, and productino of sputum.
• Fluid accumulates in surrounding normal lung tissue, separating the alveoli from their capillaries. Sometimes fluid can also accumulate in the pleural space.

Question 17

Characteristics of Epiglottitis

Answer 17

• Inflammation of epiglotttis due to bacterial infectino that can produce severe sweeling of the flap over the larynx.
• In preschool and school-aged children especially, the epiglottis can swell to two to three times its normal size.
• Air may become almost completely obstructed, sometimes quite suddenly.
• Stridor may be heard.
• Acute epiglottitis in adults is characterized by a severe sore throat.

Question 18

Characteristics of Croup

Answer 18

• INflammation and sweeling of the whole airway typically seen in children between teh ages of 6 months and 3 years.
• Common signs are stridor and a seal-bark cough which signal a significant narrowing of the air passage of the trachea.
• Often responds well to the administration of humidified oxygen.
• Croup rarely seen in adults.

Question 19

Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Answer 19

• Major cause of illness in young children.
• Causes an infection of the lungs and breathing passages.
• Can lead to other serious illnesses that affect the lungs or heart, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
• Highly contagious and spread through droplets.
• Survives on surfaces including hands and clothing
• Look for signs of dehydration.
• Humidified oxygen is helpful if available.

Question 20

Characteristics of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Answer 20

• Pertussis is an airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 years.
• Patient will be feverish and exhibit a “whoop” sound on inspiration after a coughing attack.
• Highly contagious through droplet infection.
• Coughign spells, which can last for more than a minute in which the child may turn red or purple.
• Does not cause the typical whooping illness in adults. It causes a severe upper respiratory infection that could be an entry pathway to pneumonia in older people.

Question 21

Characteristics of SARS

Answer 21

• CPotentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a recently discovered family of viruses best known as the second most common cause of the common cold.
• Usually starts with flulike symptoms, and may prgoress to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and in some cases, death.
• Thought to be transmitted primarily by close person -to-person contact.

Question 22

Characteristics of Influenza Type A

Answer 22

• virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans.
• Flu that has the potential to spread at a pandemic level.

Question 23

Characteristics of Meningococcal Meningitis

Answer 23

• Inflammatoin of meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord that can be highly contagious
• Bacteria can be spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions through coughing and sneezing.
• Effects are lethal in some cases; victims who do survive can be left with brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities.
• Patients may present flulike symptoms, but unique to meningitis are high fever, severe headache, photophobia (light sensitivity), and a stiff neck in adults. May have altered level of consciousness and have red blotches on the skin.

Question 24

Acute Pulmonary Edema

Answer 24

• When heart muscle is so injured after a heart attack or other illness that it cannto circulate blood properly, causing the left side of heart to not be able to remove blood from teh lung as fast as the right side delivers it. As a result, fluid builds up within the alveoli and in the lung tissue between them and the pulmonary capillaries.
• Usually a result of congestive heart failure.
• Not enough space is left in the lung to allow for slow, deep breaths. Usually accompanied by dyspnea with rapid, shallow respirations. You severe cases you will see frothy pink sputum at the nose and mouth.

Question 25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 25

• Slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction.
• May be result of direct lung and airway damage from repeated infections or inhalation of toxic agents, as well as resulting from cigarette smoking.
• Can lead to right sided heart failure and fluid retention such as edema in the legs.

Question 26

Emphysema

Answer 26

• Type of COPD
• Loss of elastic material around the air spaces as a result of chronic stretching of the alveoli when inflamed airways obstruct easy expulsion of gases.

Question 27

Asthma

Answer 27

• Acute spasm of the smaller air passages (bronchioles) associate with excessive mucus production and with swellin of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages.
• Produces a characteristic wheezing as patients attempt to exhale thorugh partially obstructed air passages. Can be very loud or not able to be heard unless through stethoscope.
• Acute asthma attack may be caused by an allergic resonse, severe emotional stress, exercise, and respiratory infections. Can produce anaphylactic shock.

Question 28

Hay Fever

Answer 28

• Causes coldlike symptoms, including a runny nose, sneezing, congestion, and sinus pressure. Symptoms caused by allergic response usually to outdoor airborne allergens.
• Patients tend to be atopic; more likely to have other allergies and tey may also have a higher incidence of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis.

Question 29

Anaphylactic Reactions

Answer 29

• Severe allergic reaction characterized by airway sweeling and dilation of blood vessels all over the body, which may significantly lower blood pressure.
• Associated with widespread itching and isgns and symptoms similar to asthma.
• Most will occur within 30 minutes of exposure to the allergen.
• In severe cases, epinephrine is the treatment of choice.

Question 30

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Answer 30

• Partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space. Most often caused by trauma but also by some medical conditions.
• May occur in patients with certain chronic lung infectiosn or in young people born with weak areas of the lung. Patients with emphysema and asthma are at high risk for spontaneous pneumothorax when a weakened portion of lung ruptures.
• Patient becomes dyspneic, and might complain of pleuritic chest pain (a sharp, stabbing pain on one side that is worse during inspiration and expiration or with certain movement of the chest wall).
• Has potential to evolve into a life-threatening pneumothorax.

Question 31

Pleural Effusion

Answer 31

• Collection of fluid outside the lung on one or both sides of the chest. Compresses the lung or lungs and causes dyspnea.
• Fluid may collect in large volumes in response to any irritation, infection, congestive heart failure, or cancer. This builds up gradually over days or even weeks.
• Patients often report that their dyspnea came on suddenly.
• Will have decreased breath sounds over the region of the chest where fluid has moved the lung away from the chest wall. Patients frequently feel better if they are sitting upright. But nothing will really relieve symptoms.

Question 32

Prolonged Seizures

Answer 32

• Caused by disruption in the electrical activity in the brain.
• A tonic-clonic seizure (fromerly called a grand-mal seizure) is one in which the patient has a sudden loss of consiousness, tonic-clonic movement of the body, and often incontinence. Will usually last only minutes and then the regain consciousness.
• During seizure, patint will have some impariment in his or her ability to breathe and/or will bite the tongue. They will have no control of their airway.

Question 33

Status Epilipticus

Answer 33

-A type of seizure in which the patient continues to have seizures every few minutes without regaining consciousness and/or the seizure lasts longer than 30 minutes. *This could be life threatening. *

Question 34

Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 34

• Embolus is anhything in the circulatory system that moves from its point of origin to a distant site and lodges there. Usually obstructs subsequent blood flow in that area.
• Can be gragments of blood clots or foreign bodies.
• Pulmonary embolism is the passage of blood clot formed in a vein originating in legs or pelivs. CIrculates through heart and stops in pulmonary artery where it blocks or decreases blood flow. This leads to no exchange of oxygen and CO2 because of no effecgive circulation.
• May occur as result of damage to lining of vessels, a tendency for blood to clot unusually fast, or, most often, slow blood flow in a lower extremity.

Question 35

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 35

• Dyspnea
• Acute Chest Pain
• Hemoptysis (Coughing up blood)
• Cyanosis
• Tachypnea
• Varying degrees of hypoxia.

Question 36

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Answer 36

• Odorless and tasteless; you cannot see it.
• Produced by household appliances such as gas water heaters, space heaters, grills, and generators and is even present in cigarette smoke.
• Signs may lead to initially thinking it is the flu; headahce, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea/vomiting. May complian of dyspnea on exertion and chest pain.
• May also show impaired judgement, confusion, or even hallucinations The worsst exposrues may result in syncope or seizure.
• Symptoms will start to be relieved as soon as patient is removed from the toxic environment. High flow oxygen by nonrebreathing mask is the best treatment.

Question 37

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Answer 37

• Bacterium that can cause infections in different parts of teh body and is transmitted by different routes which also include the respiratory route.
• Difficult to treat because it is resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, especially methicillin.
• Can get into boyd often through non-intact skin or through droplets when patients cough productively.
• Occasionally ic can cause serious problems like infected woudns or pneumonia.
• Most common in people who have weak immune systems and are staying in hospitals or living in nursing homes. INfections can also appear around surgical wounds or invasive devices, like feeding tubes and catheters.

Question 38

Tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 38

• Infection casued by bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly affects lungs.
• Can reamin dormant state for years without causing symptoms or being infectious to other people. It can become active when person is in a state of weakened immunity.
• With active TB, signs and symptoms will include fever, coughing, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss. If it becomes more severe, shortness of breath, coughing, productive sputum, bloody sputum, and chest pain will develop.
• Use HEPA mask to deal with patients with this.