CHP 13-14 Flashcards
The brainstem consists of these four structures:
The medulla, pons, and midbrain, and reticular formation.
What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?
The medulla is the center for several important reflexes (i.e, heart rate, vomiting, breathing, coughing/sneezing).
What is the pons responsible for?
The pons is responsible for relaying information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; site for reflex center.
What is the function of the midbrain?
The midbrain serves as visual reflex center.
What does the reticular formation control?
The sleep/wake cycle.
What is the functions of our cerebellum?
Our cerebellum controls muscle movement, balance, and is responsible for muscle memory.
What are the four subdivisions of our Diencephalon?
The thalamus, sub-, epi-, and hypo- thalamus.
What does our thalamus influence? What is it’s major role?
Our thalamus influences mood and movement and is the major sensory relay center.
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus is the major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine functions.
What are the two structures of the cerebrum?
The basal nuclei and the limbic system.
What are the functions of the basal nuclei?
The basal nuclei controls muscle activity and posture; inhibits unintentional movement.
What is the function of the limbic system?
The limbic system produces autonomic responses to smell, emotion, mood, and memory.
The medulla consists of structures called olives. What are they?
Olives are nuclei that help regulate balance, coordination, and modulation of sound from inner ear.
The medulla consists of the nuclei for these nerves:
V, IX-XII
The pontine, relating to or affecting the __ of the brain, acts as a relay between the ____ and ____.
Pons; cerebrum, cerebellum.
The pons consists of the nuclei for these nerves:
V-IX
The midbrain consists of the nuclei for these nerves:
III-V
The Tectum is a structure of the midbrain that consists of the
Inferior and superior colliculi.
The two superior colliculi are involved in ____ reflexes.
Visual.
The two inferior colliculi are involved in ____ reflexes.
Auditory.
The superior colliculi receive information from the ____ ____, ____, ____, and cerebrum.
Inferior colliculi, eyes, skin.
The midbrain contains what type of nuclei that is aids in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities.
Red nuclei.
Red nuclei
aids in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities in the midbrain.
Tegmentum are
ascending tracts of the midbrain. Ex. are spinal and medial lemniscus.
The group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem forms the
Reticular formation.
What are cerebellar peduncles?
Fiber tracts that communicate with other parts of the brain.
The cortex is folded in ridges called __.
Folia.
____ cells are the largest in the CNS, are inhibitory, and are the only cortex neurons that send axons to cerebellar nuclei.
Purkinje.
Walking a tightrope would activate what portion of the medulla?
The pyramids and the olives.
Damage to the pontine nuclei might affect __
Vision.
The ____ ____ are involved with auditory pathways in the CNS.
Inferior colliculi.
During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut between the
midbrain and diencephalon.
The cerebellum communicate with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the
Cerebellar peduncles.
The portion of the cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the ____
Flocculonodular lobe.
The occulomoter nerve
adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.
The ____ only innervates one muscle of the eyeball.
Trochlear nerve.
Visceral senses provide information regarding
pain and pressure in internal organs.
Somatic senses provide information regarding
information about the body and environment including: touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, and pain.
Special senses include:
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance.
____ ____ generate APs called a generator potential.
General (primary) receptors.
____ ____ produces a receptor potential in special senses.
Secondary receptor.
General senses are composed of ____ and ____ senses.
Somatic, Visceral.
The five types of sensory receptors are:
Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, and nociceptors.
Mechanoreceptors are receptors that respond to:
Touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing, and balance.
Chemoreceptors are receptors that respond to:
Smell and taste. Chemicals become attached to receptors on their membranes.
Thermoreceptors are receptors that respond to:
Changes in temperature.
Photoreceptors are receptors that respond to:
Light: Vision.
Nociceptors are receptors that detect:
Pain, or extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli.
The three types of receptors based on location are:
Exteroreceptors, visceroreceptors, and proprioceptors.
Free nerve endings respond to __, ____, ____, ____, ____.
painful stimuli, temperature, itch, joint movement, and proprioception.
Merkel disks detect ____ and ____.
Light touch, superficial pressure.
Pacinian corpuscle detects:
deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, and proprioception.
____ ____ are involved in two-point discrimination
Meissner corpuscles.
In free nerve endings, ____ are 10-15 times more numerous than ____.
Cold, warm.
Ruffini end organs are primarily in
The dermis of the fingers, and respond to continuous touch or pressure.
What is accommodation?
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus.
The two types of proprioceptors are ____ and ____ receptors.
Tonic (slowly adapting), and phasic (rapidly adapting).
The Anterolateral system is a __ neuron system that conveys
3; pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle and itch.
The right cerebral cortex controls
3-D or spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability, muscular activity and receives sensory information from left side of body.
The left cerebral cortex controls
Math, speech, muscular activity and receives sensory information from right side of body.
Alpha.
Resting state with eyes closed.
Beta.
During intense mental activity.
Theta.
Occur in children and adults experiencing frustration or brain disorders.
Delta.
Occurs in sleep, infancy, and severe brain disorders.
Long-term memory (declarative or explicit) are accessed by
Hippocampus (actual memory) and amygdaloid nucleus (emotional).
