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Physical Agents > Chp 11 Glossary Terms > Flashcards

Chp 11 Glossary Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Anode

A

the positive electrode

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2
Q

Cathode

A

the negative electrode

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3
Q

Charge

A

basic properties of matter, noted as Q and is measured in Coulombs (C)

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4
Q

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS)

A

application of an electrical directly to muscle to produce a muscle contraction

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5
Q

Functional electrical stimulation (FES)

A

application of an electrical current to produce mm contractions that are applied during a functional activity.

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6
Q

Gate control theory

A

theory of pain control and modulation stating that pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of nonnoxious afferent input

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7
Q

Impedance

A

total frequency-dependent opposition to current flow. noted by Z and is measured in Ohms

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8
Q

Iontophoresis

A

delivery of ions through the skin for therapeutic purposes using an electrical current

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9
Q

Motor point

A

place in the mm where electrical stimulation will produce the greatest contraction with the last amount of electricity, generally located over the middle of a mm belly

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10
Q

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

A

application of an electrical current to motor nerves to porduce contractions of the muscles they innervate

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11
Q

Ohm’s law

A

mathematical expression of how voltage, current, and resistance relate, where voltage equals current multiplied by resistance V=IR

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12
Q

Phase in pulsed current

A

the period from when current starts to flow in one direction to when it stops flowing or starts to flow in the other direction

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13
Q

Phase in biphasic pulsed current

A

made up of two phases; the first phase begins when current starts to flow in the other direction and ends when the current starts to flow in the other direction, which is also the beginning of the second phase. the second phase ends when current stops flowing

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14
Q

Polarity

A

the charge of an electrode that will be positive (the anode) or negative (the cathode) with a direct or monophasic pulsed current and is constantly changing with an alternating or biphasic pulsed current

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15
Q

Pulse

A

in pulsed current, the period when current is flowing in any direction

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16
Q

Resistance

A

opposition of a material to the flow of electrical current. resistance is noted a R and is measured in Ohms

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17
Q

Voltage

A

(aka potential difference) force or pressure of electricity. energy between two points that produces the electrical force capable of moving charged particles through a conductor between those two points. noted as V, measured in volts (V)

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18
Q

Alternating current (AC)

A

continuous bidirectional flow of charged particles, has equal ion flow in each direction, and thus no pulse charge remains in the tissures.

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19
Q

Biphasic Pulsed Current

A

a series of pulses wherein the charged particles move in one direction and then in the opposite direction

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20
Q

Continuous Current

A

a continuous flow of charged particles without interruptions or breaks

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21
Q

Direct Current (DC)

A

a continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles

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22
Q

Interferential Current (IFC)

A

current is waveform produced by the interference of two medium frequency sinusoidal AC’s of slightly different frequencies. Two sets of electrodes and delivered through two channels in the same stimulator

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23
Q

Medium Frequency AC

A

an AC with a frequency between 1000-10,000 Hz or 2500 - 5000 Hz.

  • is rarely used alone therapeutically,
  • two medium-frequency AC’s of different frequency may be applied together to produce an interferential current
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24
Q

Monophasic Pulsed Current

A

a series of pulses wherein the charged particles move in only one direction

25
Q

Permodulated Current

A

An alternating current that uses medium frequency sinusodial waveform with sequentially increasing and decreasing current amplitude, and is produced with a single circuit using two electrodes
- same waveform as IFC

26
Q

Pulsed Current (pulsatile current)

A

an interrupted flow of charged particles whereby the current flows in a series of pulses separated by periods when no current flows. The current may flow in one direction only or may flow back and forth during each pulse

27
Q

Russian

A

a medium frequency AC with a frequency of 2500 Hz delivered in 50 bursts/second. Each burst is 10 ms long and is separated from the next burst by a 10 ms interburst interval.

28
Q

Frequency

A

The number of cycles or pulses per second and is measured in Hertz for cycles or pulses per second for pulses

29
Q

Interphase Interval (Intrapulse Interval)

A

The time between phases of a pulse

30
Q

Interpulse Interval

A

the time between individual pulses

31
Q

On:Off Time

A

On time is the time during which a train of pulses occurs. Off time is the time between trains of pulses when no current flows.
- Used when goal is to produce muscle contraction

32
Q

Phase Duration

A
  • the duration of one phase of a pulse

- is generally expressed in microseconds or milliseconds

33
Q

Pulse Duration

A
  • Time from the beginning of the first phase of a pulse to the end of the last phase of a pulse.
  • is generally expressed in microseconds
34
Q

Ramp up / Ramp down time

A

the ramp up time is the time it takes for the current amplitude to increase from zero, at the end of the off time, to its maximum amplitude during on time.
- Ramp down time is the time it takes for the current amplitude to decrease from its maximum amplitude during on time back to zero

35
Q

Wavelength

A
  • The duration of 1 cycle of AC
  • Cycle lasts from the time the current departs from the isoelectric line in one direction and the crosses the isoelectric line in the opposite direction when it returns to the isoelectric line.
  • Wavelength of AC is similar to pulse duration of pulsed current
36
Q

Amplitude (Intensity)

A
  • The magnitude of current or voltage
37
Q

Amplitude Modulatoin

A
  • Variation in peak current amplitude over time
38
Q

Burst Mode

A
  • A current composed of series of pulses delivered in groups known as bursts
39
Q

Interburst Interval

A
  • Time between bursts
40
Q

Burst Duration

A
  • The time from the beginning to the end of the burst
41
Q

Frequency Modulation

A
  • Variation in the number of pulses or cycles per second delivered
42
Q

Modulation

A
  • Any pattern of variation in one or more of the stimulation parameters
  • Is used to limit neural adaptions to an electrical current
43
Q

Phase Duration or Pulse Duration Modulatoin

A
  • Variation in the phase or pulse duration
44
Q

Scan

A
  • Amplitude modulation of an IFC
45
Q

Amplitude Modulation

A
  • Moves the effective field of stimulation, causing the pt to feel the focus of the stimulation in a different location (Target)
46
Q

Sweep

A
  • The frequency modulation of an IFC
47
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A
  • The period of time immediately after nerve depolarization when no action potential can be generated
48
Q

Accommodation

A
  • A transient increase in threshold to nerve excitation
49
Q

Action Potential (AP)

A
  • The rapid sequential deporlarization and repolarization of a nerve that occurs in response to a stimulus and transmits along the axon
50
Q

Adaptation

A
  • A decrease in the frequency of AP’s and a decrease in the subjective sensation of stimulation that occur in response to electrical stimulation with unchanging characteristics
51
Q

Chronaxie

A
  • The minimum duration an electrical current at twice rheobase intensity needs to be applied to produce an AP.
52
Q

Depolarization

A
  • The reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes, where the inside of the cell becomes positive relative to the outside.
53
Q

Myelin

A
  • A fatty tissue that surrounds the axons of neurons, allowing electrical signals to travel more quickly
54
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • Small, unmyelinated gaps in the myelin sheath covering myelinated axons
55
Q

Propagation

A
  • The movement of an AP along a nerve axon; also called conduction
56
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A
  • The period after nerve depolarization in which the nerve membrane is hyperpolarized and a greater stimulus then usual is required to produce an AP
57
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • The electrical difference between the inside of a neuron and the outside when the neuron is at rest, usually 60-90 mV, wit the inside being negative relative to the outside
58
Q

Rheobase

A
  • The minimum current amplitude, with long pulse duration, required to produce an AP
59
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A
  • The rapid propagation of an electrical signal along a myelinated nerve axon, with the signal appering to jump from one nod of Ranvier to the next

Physical Agents (14 decks)

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