CHP 11

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

An internal process (push from nature) and external influence (pull from experience/culture) that directs behavior toward a goal.

Question 2

Instinct (Evolutionary) Theory

Answer 2

Behavior driven by unlearned, species-typical patterns (e.g., imprinting), reflecting biological predispositions.

Question 3

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 3

A physiological need creates an aroused state (“drive”) that pushes us to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

The body’s tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (like a thermostat).

Question 5

Incentives

Answer 5

External stimuli (positive or negative) that lure or repel us, interacting with internal drives to influence behavior.

Question 6

Arousal Theory

Answer 6

We seek an optimal level of stimulation; too little leads to boredom, too much leads to stress.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 7

Moderate arousal optimizes performance; too little or too much arousal can hurt performance, especially on complex tasks.

Question 8

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Answer 8

Needs arranged from basic physiological/safety needs to social/esteem needs, up through self-actualization and self-transcendence.

Question 9

Meaning in Life

Answer 9

A sense of purpose, significance, and coherence. Strongly linked to well-being, resilience, and motivation.

Question 9

Self-Transcendence

Answer 9

A level above self-actualization; people seek purpose, meaning, and identity beyond themselves.

Question 10

Hunger

Answer 10

A powerful physiological drive for food that can dominate other motives if unmet.

Question 11

Keys’ Semistarvation Study

Answer 11

Volunteers halved their usual food intake. Became listless, food-obsessed, and lost 25% of body weight—showing hunger’s powerful influence.