Chp. 1: Intro to Physiology and Homeostasis

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

The study of the normal functioning of a living organism, including all chemical and physical processes.
Aristotle: “Fxn of all living organisms”
Hippocrates: “Healing power of nature”

Question 2

Proteomics

Answer 2

Study of proteins in living organisms

Question 3

Physiome Project

Answer 3

an organized international effort to coordinate molecular, cellular, and physiological info about living organisms into an internet database.

Question 4

Cells

Answer 4

Smallest structure capable of carrying out all life processes.

Question 5

Emergent Property

Answer 5

Properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of systems individual components; result from complex, nonlinear interactions of different components

Question 6

Span of Physiology

Answer 6

Molecules -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms -> population of entire species

Question 7

Nervous System

Answer 7

Coordinate body functions with electrical signals and regulatory molecules

Question 8

Integumentary System

Answer 8

Protection from external environment

Question 9

Immune System (+lymphatic sys.)

Answer 9

Defense against foreign invaders

Question 10

Circulatory

Answer 10

Transport of materials between all cells of the body

Question 11

Endocrine

Answer 11

Coordination of body functions through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

Question 12

Respiratory (pulmonary)

Answer 12

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between internal and external environment

Question 13

Digestive (gastrointestinal)

Answer 13

Conversion of food into particles transported into body

Question 14

Reproductive

Answer 14

Perpetuation of species

Question 15

Urinary (renal)

Answer 15

Maintenance of H20 and solutes in internal environment; waste removal

Question 16

Musculoskeletal

Answer 16

Support and movement

Question 17

Telelogical Approach (why?)

Answer 17

Thinking about an event in terms of its adaptive significance

Question 18

Mechanistic Approach (What/How?)

Answer 18

The processes of the systems themselves (being studied)

Question 19

Translational Research

Answer 19

Uses insights and results gained from basic biomedical research on mechanisms to develop treatments and strategies for preventing human disease. “Bench to bedside”

Question 20

4 Major Themes of Physiology

Answer 20

1. Structure and Function (compartmentation: division of space into separate compartments, allowing cells, tissues, organs, to specialize and isolate functions.)
2. Energy [transfer, storage, and use]
3. Information Flow [storage and use within single organisms and within a species (DNA transaltion and transfer)
4. Homeostasis [and control systems that maintain it]
   (5. Evolution)

Question 21

Homeostasis

Answer 21

When organisms keep their internal environment relatively stable.

Question 22

Walter Canon

Answer 22

coined “homeostasis”

Question 23

Claude Bernard

Answer 23

Came up with the concept of relatively stable internal environment (temp, hr, bp)

Question 24

William Harvey

Answer 24

Determined circulatory system is closed. (fr. of exp. research in physiology)

Question 25

Law of Mass and Balance

Answer 25

States that if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.

Question 26

Clearance

Answer 26

The rate at which the substance disappears from the blood.

Question 27

Equilibrium

Answer 27

implies that composition of body parts is identical

Question 28

Dynamic Steady State

Answer 28

the constant changing of the body's ECF, ICF, and the concentration of substances. NOT Equilibrium, if it was, we would be dead.

Question 29

Anatomy

Answer 29

the study of the form and structure of body parts and how these parts relate to one another.

Question 30

Questions of Structure

Answer 30

Look like? (appearance); Form? (shape); Made of? (composition); Organized? (arrangement of parts)

Question 31

Questions of Function

Answer 31

What does it do? How does it do it?

Question 32

Evolution

Answer 32

The change in genetic composition of a population over successive generations, which may be caused by natural selection, inbreeding, hybridization, or (genetic drift)

Question 33

Physiological Responses

Answer 33

Immediate changes in function

Question 34

Physiological Adaptions

Answer 34

Long term changes in structure and function and/or long term changes caused by genetic variation

Question 35

Controlled Variable

Answer 35

A rate of exchange that is purposely changed

Question 36

Concentrations of ECF

Answer 36

Na+ -> 140 mmol/L Cl- -> 100 mmol/L K+ -> 7 mmol/L

Question 37

Concentrations of ICF

Answer 37

Na+ -> 10 mmol/L Cl- -> 7 mmol/L K+ -> 140 mmol/L

Question 38

ECF Composition

Answer 38

Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

Question 39

Regulated Variables

Answer 39

Key functions kept within an acceptable range by physiological control mechanisms that kick in if the variable strays too far from its setpoint.

Question 40

Control Mechanism Types

Answer 40

1. Local control | 2. Long-distance reflex control

Question 41

Components of Control Mechanisms

Answer 41

1. Input signal 2. Controller/ Integrating System 3. Output signal

Question 42

Local Control

Answer 42

When a nearby cell or group of cells senses the change in their immediate vicinity and responds, usually by releasing a chemical. (restricted to tissue or cell involved)

Question 43

Long-Distance Control (reflex control)

Answer 43

Any long-distance pathway that uses the nervous system, endocrine system, or both. Broken into 1) Response Loop and 2) Feedback Loop.

Question 44

Response Loop

Answer 44

stimulus -> sensor -> INPUT SIGNAL -> INTEGRATING CENTER -> OUTPUT SIGNAL -> target -> responses

Question 45

Feedback Loop

Answer 45

Response "feeds back" to influence the input portion of the pathway. Most feedback loops are homeostatic

Question 46

Negative Feedback

Answer 46

A pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal. (ex. Body Temp)

Question 47

Positive Feedback

Answer 47

Response reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it. (ex. Childbirth)

Question 48

Feedforward Control

Answer 48

Anticipatory responses that enable the body to predict a change is about to occur and start response loop in anticipation of said change. (ex. salivation reflex)

Question 49

Biorhythms

Answer 49

Biological rhythms created by regulated variables that change predictable and create repeating patterns or cycles of change.

Question 50

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 50

Daily biological rhythm; In humans it is bp, temp, and metabolic processes. (ex. temp peaks in the afternoon and declines dramatically in early morning)

Question 51

Acclimatization

Answer 51

The adaption of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions when it occurs NATURALLY.

Question 52

Acclimation

Answer 52

the INTENTIONAL adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions.

Question 53

Independent Variable

Answer 53

The altered variable/ manipulated variable

Question 54

Dependent Variable

Answer 54

Other variable that is hypothesized to be dependent on the IV.

Question 55

Experimental Control

Answer 55

A duplicate of the experimental group in every respect except that the IV is not changed from its initial value.

Question 56

Replication

Answer 56

When an experiment supports its hypothesis, then the experiment is repeated to ensure the results were not unique (eventually progress to theory)

Question 57

Variability

Answer 57

Genetic and environmental variation that make it difficult to conduct experiments on human populations.

Question 58

Crossover Study

Answer 58

A study in which each individual acts both as experimental subject and as control, therefore each individual's response to treatment can be compared to his/her own control value.

Question 59

Blind Study

Answer 59

A study in which the subjects do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo.

Question 60

Double-Blind Study

Answer 60

A study in which a third party, not involved in the experiment, is the only one who knows which group is receiving the control treatment.

Question 61

Double-Blind Crossover Study

Answer 61

Study where control group in first half of experiment becomes experimental group in second half, and vice versa, but no one involved knows who is taking the active treatment.

Question 62

Prospective Study

Answer 62

Ongoing study that follows individuals for years.

Question 63

Retrospective Study

Answer 63

Studies that match groups of people who all have a particular disease to a similar but healthy control group.

Question 64

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 64

A study where a population is surveyed for the prevalence of a disease or condition.

Question 65

Longitudinal Study

Answer 65

A study that is carried out for a long period of time

Question 66

Meta-Analysis

Answer 66

Combines all the data from a group of similar studies and uses sophisticated statistical techniques to extract significant trends or findings from the combined data.

Question 67

Placebo Effect

Answer 67

The effect where someone will experience an effect from a false drug like a sugar pill when in reality it was just the patient anticipating an effect rather than there actually being one.

Question 68

Nocebo Effect

Answer 68

If you warn people that a drug they are taking may have specific adverse side effects, those people will report a higher incidence of those effects then a similar group of people who were not warned.