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A&P I Lecture > Chp. 1: Intro to Physiology and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chp. 1: Intro to Physiology and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the normal functioning of a living organism, including all chemical and physical processes.
Aristotle: “Fxn of all living organisms”
Hippocrates: “Healing power of nature”

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2
Q

Proteomics

A

Study of proteins in living organisms

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3
Q

Physiome Project

A

an organized international effort to coordinate molecular, cellular, and physiological info about living organisms into an internet database.

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4
Q

Cells

A

Smallest structure capable of carrying out all life processes.

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5
Q

Emergent Property

A

Properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of systems individual components; result from complex, nonlinear interactions of different components

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6
Q

Span of Physiology

A

Molecules -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms -> population of entire species

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7
Q

Nervous System

A

Coordinate body functions with electrical signals and regulatory molecules

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8
Q

Integumentary System

A

Protection from external environment

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9
Q

Immune System (+lymphatic sys.)

A

Defense against foreign invaders

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10
Q

Circulatory

A

Transport of materials between all cells of the body

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11
Q

Endocrine

A

Coordination of body functions through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

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12
Q

Respiratory (pulmonary)

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between internal and external environment

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13
Q

Digestive (gastrointestinal)

A

Conversion of food into particles transported into body

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14
Q

Reproductive

A

Perpetuation of species

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15
Q

Urinary (renal)

A

Maintenance of H20 and solutes in internal environment; waste removal

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16
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

Support and movement

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17
Q

Telelogical Approach (why?)

A

Thinking about an event in terms of its adaptive significance

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18
Q

Mechanistic Approach (What/How?)

A

The processes of the systems themselves (being studied)

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19
Q

Translational Research

A

Uses insights and results gained from basic biomedical research on mechanisms to develop treatments and strategies for preventing human disease. “Bench to bedside”

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20
Q

4 Major Themes of Physiology

A
  1. Structure and Function (compartmentation: division of space into separate compartments, allowing cells, tissues, organs, to specialize and isolate functions.)
  2. Energy [transfer, storage, and use]
  3. Information Flow [storage and use within single organisms and within a species (DNA transaltion and transfer)
  4. Homeostasis [and control systems that maintain it]
    (5. Evolution)
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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

When organisms keep their internal environment relatively stable.

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22
Q

Walter Canon

A

coined “homeostasis”

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23
Q

Claude Bernard

A

Came up with the concept of relatively stable internal environment (temp, hr, bp)

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24
Q

William Harvey

A

Determined circulatory system is closed. (fr. of exp. research in physiology)

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25
Q

Law of Mass and Balance

A

States that if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.

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26
Q

Clearance

A

The rate at which the substance disappears from the blood.

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27
Q

Equilibrium

A

implies that composition of body parts is identical

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28
Q

Dynamic Steady State

A

the constant changing of the body’s ECF, ICF, and the concentration of substances. NOT Equilibrium, if it was, we would be dead.

29
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the form and structure of body parts and how these parts relate to one another.

30
Q

Questions of Structure

A

Look like? (appearance); Form? (shape); Made of? (composition); Organized? (arrangement of parts)

31
Q

Questions of Function

A

What does it do? How does it do it?

32
Q

Evolution

A

The change in genetic composition of a population over successive generations, which may be caused by natural selection, inbreeding, hybridization, or (genetic drift)

33
Q

Physiological Responses

A

Immediate changes in function

34
Q

Physiological Adaptions

A

Long term changes in structure and function and/or long term changes caused by genetic variation

35
Q

Controlled Variable

A

A rate of exchange that is purposely changed

36
Q

Concentrations of ECF

A

Na+ -> 140 mmol/L
Cl- -> 100 mmol/L
K+ -> 7 mmol/L

37
Q

Concentrations of ICF

A

Na+ -> 10 mmol/L
Cl- -> 7 mmol/L
K+ -> 140 mmol/L

38
Q

ECF Composition

A

Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

39
Q

Regulated Variables

A

Key functions kept within an acceptable range by physiological control mechanisms that kick in if the variable strays too far from its setpoint.

40
Q

Control Mechanism Types

A
  1. Local control

2. Long-distance reflex control

41
Q

Components of Control Mechanisms

A
  1. Input signal
  2. Controller/ Integrating System
  3. Output signal
42
Q

Local Control

A

When a nearby cell or group of cells senses the change in their immediate vicinity and responds, usually by releasing a chemical. (restricted to tissue or cell involved)

43
Q

Long-Distance Control (reflex control)

A

Any long-distance pathway that uses the nervous system, endocrine system, or both. Broken into 1) Response Loop and 2) Feedback Loop.

44
Q

Response Loop

A

stimulus -> sensor -> INPUT SIGNAL -> INTEGRATING CENTER -> OUTPUT SIGNAL -> target -> responses

45
Q

Feedback Loop

A

Response “feeds back” to influence the input portion of the pathway. Most feedback loops are homeostatic

46
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal. (ex. Body Temp)

47
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Response reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it. (ex. Childbirth)

48
Q

Feedforward Control

A

Anticipatory responses that enable the body to predict a change is about to occur and start response loop in anticipation of said change. (ex. salivation reflex)

49
Q

Biorhythms

A

Biological rhythms created by regulated variables that change predictable and create repeating patterns or cycles of change.

50
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Daily biological rhythm; In humans it is bp, temp, and metabolic processes. (ex. temp peaks in the afternoon and declines dramatically in early morning)

51
Q

Acclimatization

A

The adaption of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions when it occurs NATURALLY.

52
Q

Acclimation

A

the INTENTIONAL adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions.

53
Q

Independent Variable

A

The altered variable/ manipulated variable

54
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Other variable that is hypothesized to be dependent on the IV.

55
Q

Experimental Control

A

A duplicate of the experimental group in every respect except that the IV is not changed from its initial value.

56
Q

Replication

A

When an experiment supports its hypothesis, then the experiment is repeated to ensure the results were not unique (eventually progress to theory)

57
Q

Variability

A

Genetic and environmental variation that make it difficult to conduct experiments on human populations.

58
Q

Crossover Study

A

A study in which each individual acts both as experimental subject and as control, therefore each individual’s response to treatment can be compared to his/her own control value.

59
Q

Blind Study

A

A study in which the subjects do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo.

60
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

A study in which a third party, not involved in the experiment, is the only one who knows which group is receiving the control treatment.

61
Q

Double-Blind Crossover Study

A

Study where control group in first half of experiment becomes experimental group in second half, and vice versa, but no one involved knows who is taking the active treatment.

62
Q

Prospective Study

A

Ongoing study that follows individuals for years.

63
Q

Retrospective Study

A

Studies that match groups of people who all have a particular disease to a similar but healthy control group.

64
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

A study where a population is surveyed for the prevalence of a disease or condition.

65
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A study that is carried out for a long period of time

66
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Combines all the data from a group of similar studies and uses sophisticated statistical techniques to extract significant trends or findings from the combined data.

67
Q

Placebo Effect

A

The effect where someone will experience an effect from a false drug like a sugar pill when in reality it was just the patient anticipating an effect rather than there actually being one.

68
Q

Nocebo Effect

A

If you warn people that a drug they are taking may have specific adverse side effects, those people will report a higher incidence of those effects then a similar group of people who were not warned.

A&P I Lecture (2 decks)

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