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P.e > Chp 1 Bones And Muscles > Flashcards

Chp 1 Bones And Muscles Flashcards

0
Q

The functions of the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems

A 
Protection
Support
Storage
Leverage
Mineral balance
Blood cell production
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1
Q

The neuromuscular and musculoskeletal system consists of

A 
Skeletal system
- bones and joints
Skeletal muscle system
- voluntary muscles
Ligaments
-Bone to bone
Cartilage
- shock absorbing gel
Tendons
- bone to muscles
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2
Q

The functions: protection

A

Protection for vital organs
Brain - skull
Lungs - ribs
Spinal cord - vertebral column

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3
Q

The functions: support

A

Posture

Attachment site for muscles

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4
Q

The functions: storage

A

Storage of:
Fuels
Fats
Minerals

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5
Q

The functions: leverage

A

Allow movement to occur

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6
Q

The functions: mineral balance

A

Homeostasis

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7
Q

The functions: blood cell production

A

Haematopoiesis

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8
Q

The vertebral column

A
  • involved in 95% of movement
    33 bones - 24 unfused
    7-12-5-5-4
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9
Q

The cervical vertebra

A

7 unfused bones
Neck
Top 2 - atlas and axis allow the head to
Move

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10
Q

The thoracic vertebrae

A

12 unfused
Protects heart and lungs
1-7 attach to sternum

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11
Q

The lumbar vetebrae

A
  • 5 unfused
    Weight carrying
    Attachment site for muscles
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12
Q

The sacrum

A

5 fused
Fused to pelvis
Weight of upper body

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13
Q

The coccyx

A

4 fused
Tailbone
Attachment site for muscles

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14
Q

Types of joints

A

Fixed or fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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15
Q

Fixed or fibrous joint

A

No movement

Skull,pelvis

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16
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Slight movement

Ribs, lumbar

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17
Q

Synovial joint

A

Move freely

Hip, knee, limbs

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18
Q

Types of bones

A

Short
Long
Flat
Irregular

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19
Q

Short bone example

A

Carpals

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20
Q

Long bone example

A

Tibia

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21
Q

Flat bone example

A

Pelvis, cranium

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22
Q

Irregular bone example

A

Spine/ vertebrae

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23
Q

6 synovial joints

A 
Pivot
Gliding
Ball and socket
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
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24
Pivot joint
Uniaxial rotation | Atlas, axis
25
Gliding joint
Flat bones glide past each other Biaxial Carpals , tarsals
26
Ball and socket joint
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal / external rotation Shoulder, hip
27
Hinge joint
Uniaxial Flexion and extension Knee, elbow
28
Saddle joint
Concave/convex bones align Biaxial Carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb
29
Condyloid / ovoid joint
Like hinge joint but slight rotation | Biaxial, Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, curcumduction
30
How many muscles in the body
Over 660
31
Muscle contraction
Tension being developed in the muscle
32
Muscle relaxation
Absence of tension in a muscle
33
Types of muscles
Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles
34
Skeletal muscles
Attached to bone Voluntary Striped/ striated cells
35
Smooth muscles
Found in blood vessels, intestine Involuntary Spindle cells
36
Cardiac muscles
Make up the walks of the heart Involuntary Striped
37
Muscle functions:
Support Produce heat Store fuels
38
Muscle functions : support
Support, posture | Isometrically to enable us to stay upright
39
Muscle functions: produce heat
Contract involuntarily - shivering | Heat from food energy
40
Muscle attachment
Attached to bones by tendons Muscle belly- main body of muscle Point of attachment: origin or insertion Bicep. Scapula. Radius
41
Reciprocal inhibition
Muscles work in teams Agonist Antagonist Fixator muscles/ stabilisers
42
Agonist muscle
Primarily responsible for movement | E.g contracts
43
Antagonist muscles
Muscle that relaxes when the agonist contract to allow: Ease if movement Minimise risk of injury
44
Fixator muscles/ stabilisers
Are involved to provide stability in the origin so that max force can be contracted
45
Neuromuscular skeletal system
System of Nerves Bones Muscles
46
Fusiform muscle fibres
Run longways Contract quickly Low force Bicep
47
Penniform
Run at angles Contract slower, greater force Quads
48
Unipennate
Muscle fibres branch out to one side | Calf
49
Bipennate
Branch out on both sides | Quads
50
Multipennate
Branch out repeatedly from a number of tendons | Deltoid
51
What's inside a muscle fibre
``` Epimysium Endomysium Perimysium Fasicles Myofibril Sarcoplasm Actin and myosin Sarolemma Muscle fibre ```
52
Fasicles
Run side by side along the length of the muscle
53
Perimysium
Surrounds the fasicles
54
Endomysium
Surround the perimysium and fasicles
55
Epimysium
Surround the fasicles, perimysium, endomysium | Outer layer
56
Myofibrilsa
Make up the muscle fibres found in fasicles contain actin and myosin
57
Sarcomere
Basic unit if striated muscle | Which causes contraction
58
Actin and myosin
Thin, thick | Protein filaments found in sarcomeres responsible for muscle contraction
59
Sarolemma
Cell membrane that surrounds muscle fibres
60
Sarcoplasm
``` Surrounds the actin and myosin Contains: Mitochondria - powerhouse Myoglobin - transport and store oxygen Fat Glycogen ATP - energy production Enzymes - muscle growth ```
61
I-band
Area of myofibril containing actin | Disappears during contraction
62
A-band
-area found in the centre of the sarcomere containing both actin and myosin Length stays the same during contractions
63
H-zone
Centre of the a band Free from the myosin crossbridges Disappears during contraction
64
Nervous control of muscular contraction
Brain sends electrical impulses via the spinal column to the muscles
65
Sensory neurons
Send info to the brain
66
Motor neurons
Brain to the muscles Stimulated a couple for fine movements Thousands for gross movements
67
All or nothing principle
Only when the electrical impulses reach a certain threshold will all the fibres contract at the same time as forcefully as possible
68
3 kinds of muscle contraction
Isotonic Isometric Isokinetic
69
Isotonic concentric contraction
Muscle length shortens | E.g Bicep curl upward phase
70
Isotonic eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens | E.g Bicep curl downward phase
71
Isometric contraction
No change in muscle length Tension formed Pushing against a wall, holding your body upright
72
Isokinetic contraction
Requires gym equipment | No weak spots
73
Slow twitch fibres
``` Red Requires oxygen Slow contraction Low force High fatigue resistance Endurance ```
74
Fast twitch fibres (b)
``` White Without oxygen High contraction High force Low fatigue resistance Type a has characteristics of both ```
75
Factors affecting muscle strength
``` Fibre arrangement - e .g Fusiform or pennate Fibre recruitment - 1 or 1000s stimulated Fibre type -Slow or fast twitch Gender differences - f about 2/3 as strong Age differences - strongest 20-30 norm Speed of contraction - e.g multipennate - slow ```

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