Chp 1 Bones And Muscles Flashcards

0
Q

The functions of the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems

A
Protection
Support
Storage
Leverage
Mineral balance
Blood cell production
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1
Q

The neuromuscular and musculoskeletal system consists of

A
Skeletal system
- bones and joints
Skeletal muscle system
- voluntary muscles
Ligaments
-Bone to bone
Cartilage
- shock absorbing gel
Tendons
- bone to muscles
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2
Q

The functions: protection

A

Protection for vital organs
Brain - skull
Lungs - ribs
Spinal cord - vertebral column

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3
Q

The functions: support

A

Posture

Attachment site for muscles

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4
Q

The functions: storage

A

Storage of:
Fuels
Fats
Minerals

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5
Q

The functions: leverage

A

Allow movement to occur

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6
Q

The functions: mineral balance

A

Homeostasis

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7
Q

The functions: blood cell production

A

Haematopoiesis

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8
Q

The vertebral column

A
  • involved in 95% of movement
    33 bones - 24 unfused
    7-12-5-5-4
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9
Q

The cervical vertebra

A

7 unfused bones
Neck
Top 2 - atlas and axis allow the head to
Move

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10
Q

The thoracic vertebrae

A

12 unfused
Protects heart and lungs
1-7 attach to sternum

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11
Q

The lumbar vetebrae

A
  • 5 unfused
    Weight carrying
    Attachment site for muscles
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12
Q

The sacrum

A

5 fused
Fused to pelvis
Weight of upper body

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13
Q

The coccyx

A

4 fused
Tailbone
Attachment site for muscles

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14
Q

Types of joints

A

Fixed or fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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15
Q

Fixed or fibrous joint

A

No movement

Skull,pelvis

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16
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Slight movement

Ribs, lumbar

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17
Q

Synovial joint

A

Move freely

Hip, knee, limbs

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18
Q

Types of bones

A

Short
Long
Flat
Irregular

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19
Q

Short bone example

A

Carpals

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20
Q

Long bone example

A

Tibia

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21
Q

Flat bone example

A

Pelvis, cranium

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22
Q

Irregular bone example

A

Spine/ vertebrae

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23
Q

6 synovial joints

A
Pivot
Gliding
Ball and socket
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
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24
Q

Pivot joint

A

Uniaxial rotation

Atlas, axis

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25
Q

Gliding joint

A

Flat bones glide past each other
Biaxial
Carpals , tarsals

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26
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal / external rotation
Shoulder, hip

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27
Q

Hinge joint

A

Uniaxial
Flexion and extension
Knee, elbow

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28
Q

Saddle joint

A

Concave/convex bones align
Biaxial
Carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb

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29
Q

Condyloid / ovoid joint

A

Like hinge joint but slight rotation

Biaxial, Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, curcumduction

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30
Q

How many muscles in the body

A

Over 660

31
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Tension being developed in the muscle

32
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

Absence of tension in a muscle

33
Q

Types of muscles

A

Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles

34
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Attached to bone
Voluntary
Striped/ striated cells

35
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Found in blood vessels, intestine
Involuntary
Spindle cells

36
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Make up the walks of the heart
Involuntary
Striped

37
Q

Muscle functions:

A

Support
Produce heat
Store fuels

38
Q

Muscle functions : support

A

Support, posture

Isometrically to enable us to stay upright

39
Q

Muscle functions: produce heat

A

Contract involuntarily - shivering

Heat from food energy

40
Q

Muscle attachment

A

Attached to bones by tendons
Muscle belly- main body of muscle
Point of attachment: origin or insertion
Bicep. Scapula. Radius

41
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Muscles work in teams
Agonist
Antagonist
Fixator muscles/ stabilisers

42
Q

Agonist muscle

A

Primarily responsible for movement

E.g contracts

43
Q

Antagonist muscles

A

Muscle that relaxes when the agonist contract to allow:
Ease if movement
Minimise risk of injury

44
Q

Fixator muscles/ stabilisers

A

Are involved to provide stability in the origin so that max force can be contracted

45
Q

Neuromuscular skeletal system

A

System of
Nerves
Bones
Muscles

46
Q

Fusiform muscle fibres

A

Run longways
Contract quickly
Low force
Bicep

47
Q

Penniform

A

Run at angles
Contract slower, greater force
Quads

48
Q

Unipennate

A

Muscle fibres branch out to one side

Calf

49
Q

Bipennate

A

Branch out on both sides

Quads

50
Q

Multipennate

A

Branch out repeatedly from a number of tendons

Deltoid

51
Q

What’s inside a muscle fibre

A
Epimysium
Endomysium
Perimysium
Fasicles
Myofibril
Sarcoplasm
Actin and myosin
Sarolemma
Muscle fibre
52
Q

Fasicles

A

Run side by side along the length of the muscle

53
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds the fasicles

54
Q

Endomysium

A

Surround the perimysium and fasicles

55
Q

Epimysium

A

Surround the fasicles, perimysium, endomysium

Outer layer

56
Q

Myofibrilsa

A

Make up the muscle fibres found in fasicles contain actin and myosin

57
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic unit if striated muscle

Which causes contraction

58
Q

Actin and myosin

A

Thin, thick

Protein filaments found in sarcomeres responsible for muscle contraction

59
Q

Sarolemma

A

Cell membrane that surrounds muscle fibres

60
Q

Sarcoplasm

A
Surrounds the actin and myosin
Contains:
Mitochondria - powerhouse
Myoglobin - transport and store oxygen
Fat
Glycogen
ATP - energy production
Enzymes - muscle growth
61
Q

I-band

A

Area of myofibril containing actin

Disappears during contraction

62
Q

A-band

A

-area found in the centre of the sarcomere containing both actin and myosin
Length stays the same during contractions

63
Q

H-zone

A

Centre of the a band
Free from the myosin crossbridges
Disappears during contraction

64
Q

Nervous control of muscular contraction

A

Brain sends electrical impulses via the spinal column to the muscles

65
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Send info to the brain

66
Q

Motor neurons

A

Brain to the muscles
Stimulated a couple for fine movements
Thousands for gross movements

67
Q

All or nothing principle

A

Only when the electrical impulses reach a certain threshold will all the fibres contract at the same time as forcefully as possible

68
Q

3 kinds of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic
Isometric
Isokinetic

69
Q

Isotonic concentric contraction

A

Muscle length shortens

E.g Bicep curl upward phase

70
Q

Isotonic eccentric contraction

A

Muscle lengthens

E.g Bicep curl downward phase

71
Q

Isometric contraction

A

No change in muscle length
Tension formed
Pushing against a wall, holding your body upright

72
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

Requires gym equipment

No weak spots

73
Q

Slow twitch fibres

A
Red
Requires oxygen
Slow contraction
Low force
High fatigue resistance
Endurance
74
Q

Fast twitch fibres (b)

A
White
Without oxygen
High contraction
High force
Low fatigue resistance
Type a has characteristics of both
75
Q

Factors affecting muscle strength

A
Fibre arrangement 
- e .g Fusiform or pennate
Fibre recruitment 
- 1 or 1000s stimulated
Fibre type
-Slow or fast twitch
Gender differences
- f about 2/3 as strong 
Age differences
- strongest 20-30 norm
Speed of contraction
- e.g multipennate - slow