chp 1-7 exam Flashcards
psychological disorder
disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, behavior that reflects dysfunction in mental functioning
psychopathology
scientific study of psychological disorders
prevalence
how many people in population have a disorder
incidence
number of new cases over a period of time (ex. per year)
3 historical paradigms of mental illness
supernatural
biological
psychological
behaviorism
classical and operant conditioning
biological model
medication
equifinality
several paths to a given outcome
multifinality
same underlying factor can lead to several different psychological disorder
comorbidity
having more than one disorder
what is the purpose of clinical assessment
reliability
validity
standardization
reliability
consistency of the findings
validity
degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to
clinical interview
help diagnose and make a treatment plan
behavioral assessment
ABCs (antecedents, behaviors, consequences)
to identify and understand causes of certain behavior
purpose of psychological testing
purpose - help answer whatever questions are present about an individual or their behaviour
neuropsychology testing
a broad base of skills and abilities
methods - fixed vs flexible batteries
concerns - false positives and negatives
neuroimaging and physiological assessment
images of the brain, EEG, and other body responses
internal validity
degree of confidence which relationship observed in test was accurate
external validity
extent to which results can be generalized to other populations
hypothesis
testable statement that predicts relationship between two or more vaariables
randomization
process of assigning people to different groups by chance
control group
given the placebo to see if independent variable works
statistical significance
if a difference between groups is due to chance or to experimental influences
clinical significance
if a treatment is effective in helping a patient return to normal functioning
correlation
a statistical technique that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two or more variables
study to answer: “why do people behave in unusual ways?”
family or twin studies
help people develop more adaptive behaviors
randomized clinical trial
anxiety
apprehensive. future-orientated
somatic symptoms - tension
fear
immediate, present-oriented
sympathetic nervous system activation
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
excessive anxiety/worry occurring more days than not for 6 months
difficult to control worry
causes significant stress + impairment
not due to substance abuse of medical condition
not better explained by other disorder
causes - inherited tendency to become anxious
treatment - benzos/antidepressants
CBT
panic disorder w/ w/o agoraphobia
recurrent unexpected panic attacks
at least one attack followed by >month of persistent concern
causes - biological vulnerability, anxiety
treatment - meds, exposure-based, panic control
specific phobias
marked fear about object/situation
fear longer 6 months
cause significant distress/impairment
female:male 4:1
causes - inherited vulnerability, traumatic exposure, info transmission
treatment - CBT (exposure)
social anxiety disorder
- marked fear/anxiety >1 social situation individual is exposed to possible scrutiny
- social situations almost always provoke anxiety
- fear/anxiety out of proportion to actual threat
- fear/anxiety ongoing for at least 6 months
- causes distress/impairment
onset - adolescence
causes - inherited vulnerability
traumatic exposure, info transmission, fam influence
treatment - meds (high relapse rates), CBT (exposure, role play)
PTSD
- exposure to actual threat
- persistent avoidance
- last longer than a month
- negataive alteration in thought+mood
- persistent symptoms of increased arousal
- casues distress/impairment
causes - event factors (trauma intensity), genetic diathesis, psychosocial factors
treatment - meds (SSRIs), CPT (exposure, imaginal, graduated)
OCD
either obsessions or compulsions
O/C are time consuming or cause distress/impairment
causes - biological vulnerability, specific psych vulnerability
treatment - meds, psychosurgery, CBT (reality, exposure) highly effective
depersonalization
experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer of self
derealization
experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings
depersonalization/derealization disorder
persistent recurrent experiences of one or both
reality testing in tact
symptoms cause distress/impairment
not due to substance abuse or other psych disorder
stats - high comorbidity
onset around 16
causes - temperament, environmental, proximal events (severe stress, lack of sleep)
treatment - psych treatment understudied
Prozac appear ineffective
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall important autobio info
w/ w/o dissociate fugue
generalized/localized
stats - high comorbidity
causes - environmental
treatment - not much known, high risk of suicide/self-harm
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
disruption of identity characterized by ≥ 2 personality states
recurrent gaps in recall of everyday events, important personal info, or traumatic events
cause distress of impairment
not due to substance use or other medical condition
stats - high comorbidity
causes - biological (smaller hippocampus/amygdala or reactive temperament), environmental
treatment - identify/neutralize triggers, visualization, coping, meds (benzos/antidepressants)
Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD)
preoccupation with serious illness
somatic symptoms not present
performs excessive health-related behaviors
causes - familiar history of illness
treatment - education, CBT (symptom creation, stress reduction)
somatic symptom disorder
- presence of symptoms disrupting daily life
- anxiety related to health concerns
- last at least 6 months
stats - rare
causes - history of fam illness, links to antisocial personality disorder
treatment - no “cure”, cognitive behavioral interventions
body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation with flaws in appearance
engage in repetitive behavior in response to appearance
distress/impairment
not concerned with body fat or weight (eating disorder)
high comorbidity
causes - culture, stress, diathesis
treatment - similar to OCD, meds (SSRIs), exposure and response prevention
major depressive disorder (MDD)
presence of MDE
significant distress/impairment
no mania/hypomania
not attributable to other disorder
manic episode
distinct period >week of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
marked impairment
not attributable to substance use
persistent depressive disorder
potentially milder symptoms
2+ years
never been manic/hypomanic
bipolar I disorder
presence of manic episode
maybe preceded by hypomanic/major depressive episodes
not better accounted for by other disorder
lithium - mood stabilizing drug
valproate (high efficacy fewer side effects) for antimania
bipolar II disorder
alternating major depressive and hypomanic episodes
not better accounted by other disorder
lithium - mood stabilizing drug
valproate (high efficacy fewer side effects) for antimania
cyclothymic disorder
for at least 2 years
hypomanic and depressive symptoms but doesn’t rise to an episode
cause distress/impairment
cannot be under influence
causes of mood disorders (biological)
family/genetic influence
neurotransmitter systems
causes of mood disorders (psychological)
stressful life events
learned helplessness
depressive cognitive triad (self,future,world)
social/cultural dimensions of mood disorders
marriage interpersonal relationships
gender roles
social support
treatment of mood disorders
change chem of brain (med ECT psych)
psych - cognitive therapy, behavioral activation therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy
ECT - few side effects, relapse common
antidepressants for mood disorders
tricyclics (used for severe depression; many neg side effects)
monoamine axidase inhibitors (high efficacy, interactions)
SSRIs (first treatment choice, no unique risk, many neg side effects)
suicide gender differences
women - more attempts/ideation
men - more deaths
suicide risk factors
fam history, neurobiology, alc, suicide coverage, stressor
suicide treatment
assessment, no suicide contract, hospitalization (full/partial)
