chp 1-7 exam

Question 1

psychological disorder

Answer 1

disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, behavior that reflects dysfunction in mental functioning

Question 2

psychopathology

Answer 2

scientific study of psychological disorders

Question 3

prevalence

Answer 3

how many people in population have a disorder

Question 4

incidence

Answer 4

number of new cases over a period of time (ex. per year)

Question 5

3 historical paradigms of mental illness

Answer 5

supernatural
biological
psychological

Question 6

behaviorism

Answer 6

classical and operant conditioning

Question 7

biological model

Answer 7

medication

Question 8

equifinality

Answer 8

several paths to a given outcome

Question 9

multifinality

Answer 9

same underlying factor can lead to several different psychological disorder

Question 10

comorbidity

Answer 10

having more than one disorder

Question 11

what is the purpose of clinical assessment

Answer 11

reliability
validity
standardization

Question 12

reliability

Answer 12

consistency of the findings

Question 13

validity

Answer 13

degree to which a test measures what it’s supposed to

Question 14

clinical interview

Answer 14

help diagnose and make a treatment plan

Question 15

behavioral assessment

Answer 15

ABCs (antecedents, behaviors, consequences)
to identify and understand causes of certain behavior

Question 16

purpose of psychological testing

Answer 16

purpose - help answer whatever questions are present about an individual or their behaviour

Question 17

neuropsychology testing

Answer 17

a broad base of skills and abilities
methods - fixed vs flexible batteries
concerns - false positives and negatives

Question 18

neuroimaging and physiological assessment

Answer 18

images of the brain, EEG, and other body responses

Question 19

internal validity

Answer 19

degree of confidence which relationship observed in test was accurate

Question 20

external validity

Answer 20

extent to which results can be generalized to other populations

Question 21

hypothesis

Answer 21

testable statement that predicts relationship between two or more vaariables

Question 22

randomization

Answer 22

process of assigning people to different groups by chance

Question 23

control group

Answer 23

given the placebo to see if independent variable works

Question 24

statistical significance

Answer 24

if a difference between groups is due to chance or to experimental influences

Question 25

clinical significance

Answer 25

if a treatment is effective in helping a patient return to normal functioning

Question 26

correlation

Answer 26

a statistical technique that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two or more variables

Question 27

study to answer: “why do people behave in unusual ways?”

Answer 27

family or twin studies

Question 28

help people develop more adaptive behaviors

Answer 28

randomized clinical trial

Question 29

anxiety

Answer 29

apprehensive. future-orientated
somatic symptoms - tension

Question 30

fear

Answer 30

immediate, present-oriented
sympathetic nervous system activation

Question 31

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 31

excessive anxiety/worry occurring more days than not for 6 months
difficult to control worry
causes significant stress + impairment
not due to substance abuse of medical condition
not better explained by other disorder
causes - inherited tendency to become anxious
treatment - benzos/antidepressants
CBT

Question 32

panic disorder w/ w/o agoraphobia

Answer 32

recurrent unexpected panic attacks
at least one attack followed by >month of persistent concern
causes - biological vulnerability, anxiety
treatment - meds, exposure-based, panic control

Question 33

specific phobias

Answer 33

marked fear about object/situation
fear longer 6 months
cause significant distress/impairment
female:male 4:1
causes - inherited vulnerability, traumatic exposure, info transmission
treatment - CBT (exposure)

Question 34

social anxiety disorder

Answer 34

• marked fear/anxiety >1 social situation individual is exposed to possible scrutiny
• social situations almost always provoke anxiety
• fear/anxiety out of proportion to actual threat
• fear/anxiety ongoing for at least 6 months
• causes distress/impairment
  onset - adolescence
  causes - inherited vulnerability
  traumatic exposure, info transmission, fam influence
  treatment - meds (high relapse rates), CBT (exposure, role play)

Question 35

PTSD

Answer 35

• exposure to actual threat
• persistent avoidance
• last longer than a month
• negataive alteration in thought+mood
• persistent symptoms of increased arousal
• casues distress/impairment
  causes - event factors (trauma intensity), genetic diathesis, psychosocial factors
  treatment - meds (SSRIs), CPT (exposure, imaginal, graduated)

Question 36

OCD

Answer 36

either obsessions or compulsions
O/C are time consuming or cause distress/impairment
causes - biological vulnerability, specific psych vulnerability
treatment - meds, psychosurgery, CBT (reality, exposure) highly effective

Question 37

depersonalization

Answer 37

experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer of self

Question 38

derealization

Answer 38

experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings

Question 39

depersonalization/derealization disorder

Answer 39

persistent recurrent experiences of one or both
reality testing in tact
symptoms cause distress/impairment
not due to substance abuse or other psych disorder
stats - high comorbidity
onset around 16
causes - temperament, environmental, proximal events (severe stress, lack of sleep)
treatment - psych treatment understudied
Prozac appear ineffective

Question 40

dissociative amnesia

Answer 40

inability to recall important autobio info
w/ w/o dissociate fugue
generalized/localized
stats - high comorbidity
causes - environmental
treatment - not much known, high risk of suicide/self-harm

Question 41

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 41

disruption of identity characterized by ≥ 2 personality states
recurrent gaps in recall of everyday events, important personal info, or traumatic events
cause distress of impairment
not due to substance use or other medical condition
stats - high comorbidity
causes - biological (smaller hippocampus/amygdala or reactive temperament), environmental
treatment - identify/neutralize triggers, visualization, coping, meds (benzos/antidepressants)

Question 42

Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD)

Answer 42

preoccupation with serious illness
somatic symptoms not present
performs excessive health-related behaviors
causes - familiar history of illness
treatment - education, CBT (symptom creation, stress reduction)

Question 43

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 43

• presence of symptoms disrupting daily life
• anxiety related to health concerns
• last at least 6 months
  stats - rare
  causes - history of fam illness, links to antisocial personality disorder
  treatment - no “cure”, cognitive behavioral interventions

Question 44

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 44

preoccupation with flaws in appearance
engage in repetitive behavior in response to appearance
distress/impairment
not concerned with body fat or weight (eating disorder)
high comorbidity
causes - culture, stress, diathesis
treatment - similar to OCD, meds (SSRIs), exposure and response prevention

Question 45

major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 45

presence of MDE
significant distress/impairment
no mania/hypomania
not attributable to other disorder

Question 46

manic episode

Answer 46

distinct period >week of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
marked impairment
not attributable to substance use

Question 47

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 47

potentially milder symptoms
2+ years
never been manic/hypomanic

Question 48

bipolar I disorder

Answer 48

presence of manic episode
maybe preceded by hypomanic/major depressive episodes
not better accounted for by other disorder
lithium - mood stabilizing drug
valproate (high efficacy fewer side effects) for antimania

Question 49

bipolar II disorder

Answer 49

alternating major depressive and hypomanic episodes
not better accounted by other disorder
lithium - mood stabilizing drug
valproate (high efficacy fewer side effects) for antimania

Question 50

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 50

for at least 2 years
hypomanic and depressive symptoms but doesn’t rise to an episode
cause distress/impairment
cannot be under influence

Question 51

causes of mood disorders (biological)

Answer 51

family/genetic influence
neurotransmitter systems

Question 52

causes of mood disorders (psychological)

Answer 52

stressful life events
learned helplessness
depressive cognitive triad (self,future,world)

Question 53

social/cultural dimensions of mood disorders

Answer 53

marriage interpersonal relationships
gender roles
social support

Question 54

treatment of mood disorders

Answer 54

change chem of brain (med ECT psych)
psych - cognitive therapy, behavioral activation therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy
ECT - few side effects, relapse common

Question 55

antidepressants for mood disorders

Answer 55

tricyclics (used for severe depression; many neg side effects)
monoamine axidase inhibitors (high efficacy, interactions)
SSRIs (first treatment choice, no unique risk, many neg side effects)

Question 56

suicide gender differences

Answer 56

women - more attempts/ideation
men - more deaths

Question 57

suicide risk factors

Answer 57

fam history, neurobiology, alc, suicide coverage, stressor

Question 58

suicide treatment

Answer 58

assessment, no suicide contract, hospitalization (full/partial)