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Pharm > Chp. 1-6 Week 1 PPT > Flashcards

Chp. 1-6 Week 1 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Study of biological effects of chemicals?

A

pharmacology

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2
Q

chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

A

drugs

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3
Q

Branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease?

A

Pharmocotherapeutics

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4
Q

5 nursing responsibilities (PA MIA)

A

P: Providing patient teaching about drugs/ drug regimens
A: Administer drugs

M: Monitor patient care plan to prevent medication errors.
I: Intervening to make drug regimen more tolerable
A: Assessing drug effects

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5
Q

4 natural sources and 1 unnatural source drugs can come from:

A

-plants, food, animals, salts of inorganic compounds
- synthetic sources

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6
Q

What does the icon “P” use to designate specific drugs as?

A

Prototype: either original drug within the class or the one that has emerged to be most effective

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7
Q

Which government body evaluate drugs for approval of use (development and sale)

A

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

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8
Q

How many phases are there regarding drug development from start to finish?

A

5

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9
Q

This phase of drug development involves testing of potential drugs either in vitro (outside of a living organism) or in vivo (inside or on a living organism) to determine therapeutic or adverse effects (NO human subjects).

A

Preclinical Trail

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10
Q

Testing done outside of a living organism is:

A

in vitro

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11
Q

testing done inside or onside a living organism is called:

A

in vivo

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12
Q

Which phase of drug development involves a pilot study of a potential drug using a small number of selected, usually healthy, human volunteers?

A

Phase 1

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13
Q

Which phase of drug development involves a clinical study of proposed drug by selected physicians using actual patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat?

A

Phase II

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14
Q

Which phase of drug development involves use of the proposed drug on a larger sample of the population of patients who have the disease the drug is thought to treat?

A

Phase III

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15
Q

Which phase of drug development involves continuous evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing?

A

Phase IV

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16
Q

After which phase are drugs evaluated by the FDA for FDA committee approval for marketing?

A

Phase III

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17
Q

An approved drug is given this type of name by the pharmaceutical company that developed it:

A

Brand name (trade nameI)

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18
Q

The name of a drug that is the original designation that the drug was given when the drug company applied for the approval process:

A

Generic name

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19
Q

The names that reflect the chemical structure of a drug:

A

chemical names

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20
Q

What is listed on the FDA label of a drug?

A

-approved uses
-risks
-benefits
-absorption
-distribution
-metabolism
-excretion from the body
All based on the clinical trials

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21
Q

—- —- refers to uses of a drug that are not part of the stated therapeutic indication for which the drug was approved by the FDA

A

“off-label”

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22
Q

How does a drug develop an “off-label” use?

A

Once available for use, it may be found to be effective in a situation not FDA approved

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23
Q

The use of drugs and their risk for pregnancy use, having been in use since 1979 is called what?

A

Previous Pregnancy-Risk Categories

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24
Q

This category for pregnancy-risk is a no-risk in human studies, included pregnant women, and has not shown to be of risk to the fetus during the first trimester.

A

Category A

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25
Q

This category shows no risk in animal studies, however, no adequate studies were done on pregnant woman. Animal studies did not show risk to the fetus.

A

Category B

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26
Q

This category states that no risk can be ruled out. No satisfactory studies done on pregnant women, however animal studies show potential risk to the fetus. Potential benefits may outweigh risks.

A

Category C

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27
Q

This category shows evidence of risk in pregnant women and the fetus in studies. Potential benefits may outweigh the risks.

A

Category D.

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28
Q

This category is contraindicated for use in pregnant women due to fetal risks. Human or animal studies show fetal abnormalities; risks of drug outweigh potential benefits.

A

Category X

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29
Q

What took effect in 2015 with aims to provide patients and healthcare providers with info. that allows for informed clinical interpretation and medical management?

A

PLLR

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30
Q

What were the new rules set down by PLLR?

A

-Prescription drug labels need to update information regarding medication use/risks/ etc.

31
Q

This schedule of drugs have no accepted medical use and have a high potential for abuse:

A

Schedule 1

32
Q

Schedule 1 drugs include:

A

heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4-methylenedixoymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote.

33
Q

This schedule of drugs have high potential for abuse. Use potentially leads to severe psychological or physical dependence. They are considered dangerous.

A

Schedule II

34
Q

Examples of schedule II drugs:

A

combination products with less than 15 mg of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin)
-cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, dexedrine, Adderall, Ritalin

35
Q

The schedule of drugs are defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical/psychological dependence.

A

Schedule III

36
Q

Schedule III drug examples:

A

products containing less than 90 mg of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine),
ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone

37
Q

This schedule of drugs have a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.

A

Schedule IV

38
Q

Schedule IV drug examples:

A

Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol

39
Q

This schedule of drugs are defined as drugs with lower potential for abuse and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes

A

Schedule V

40
Q

Example of schedule V drugs:

A

cough preparations with less than 200 mg of codeine or per 100 mL (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parapectolin

41
Q

—– is the study of interactions between chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter those systems.

A

Pharmacodynamics

42
Q

Pharmacodynamics: Drugs work in one of four ways:

A
  1. Replace or act as substitutes for missing chemicals
  2. Increase/stimulate (agonist) certain cellular activity
  3. Depress or slow (antagonist) certain cellular activity
  4. Interfere with functioning of foreign cells, such as invading microorganisms or neoplasms that cause cell death.
43
Q

—— is the study of how medications travel through the body; including absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation) and excretion of drugs.

A

Pharmacokinetics

44
Q

Pharmacokinetics: —— is what happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid.

A

Absorption

45
Q

Pharmacokinetics: —- is the movement of a drug to body tissue.

A

Distribution.

46
Q

The places where a drug may be distributed depends on these 4 things:

A
  1. drug’s solubility
  2. Perfusion of the area
  3. cardiac output
  4. binding of the drug to plasma proteins
47
Q

Pharmacokinetics: —– is the process by which drugs are changed into new chemicals.

A

Biotransformation or “metabolism”

48
Q

Which organ is the most important site of drug metabolism?

A

The liver

49
Q

Most medications are metabolized by the liver and changed to do what twothings?

A

-Be less active (deactivate)
-Become more easy to secrete (fat soluble to water soluble)

50
Q

Pharmacokinetics: ——- is the removal of drugs from the body.

A

Excretion

51
Q

Routes of excretion includes the following: (5)

A

-kidneys (urine)
-skin (sweat)
-lungs (exhaled)
-bile
-feces

52
Q

First pass routes of admission:

A

-oral
-rectal

53
Q

Drug administration that skips first-pass metabolism:

A

-IV -IM -Sub Q (under the skin into fat)
-intradermal (into dermis layer)
-transdermal (patch) -vaginal
-intrathecal (spinal cord)
-sublingual/buccal -intranasal
-inhaled

54
Q

Factors influencing drug effects:

A

-Weight -age -sex
-physiological factors
-pathological factors
-genetic factors -immunological factors
-psychological factors
-environmental factors
-tolerance -accumulation
-interactions

55
Q

—– —–: bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects on the rapidly multiplying cells of the bone marrow; lower-than-normal levels of blood components can be seen.

A

Blood Dyscrasia

56
Q

—- —–: skin reactions commonly seen as adverse effects of drugs: ranging from simple rash to potentially fatal exfoliative dermatitis

A

dermatological reactions

57
Q

—– —— or —–: usually involves formation of antibodies to a drug or drug protein; causes an immune response when the person is next exposed to that drug

A

drug allergy or hypersensitivity

58
Q

——: overdose of a drug that causes damage to multiple body systems and has potential for fatal reactions.

A

Poisoning

59
Q

——: inflammation of the mucous membranes related to drug effects; can lead to alterations in nutrition and dental problems

A

stomatitis

60
Q

——-: infections caused by the destruction of normal flora bacteria by certain drugs, which allows other bacteria to grow out of controls and cause infection; may occur during antibiotic therapy

A

superinfections

61
Q

What weight is the recommended dose of a drug based on in drug evaluation studies?

A

150 lb person

62
Q

——– is toxic liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and is damage to your liver.

A

Hepatotoxicity

63
Q

—— is rapid deterioration in the kidney function due to toxic effect of medications and chemicals.

A

Nephrotoxicity

64
Q

—— is low blood sugar

A

Hypoglycemia

65
Q

Hypoglycemia is defined by blood glucose levels below?

A

70 mg/dL

66
Q

—— occurs when too much glucose is in the blood

A

Hyperglycemia

67
Q

Hyperglycemia is defined as glucose levels above

A

180 mg/dL

68
Q

—- Body has lower than normal levels of potassium in the blood = acidosis

A

hypokalemia

69
Q

Normal levels of potassium for adults:

A

3.5-5.2 mEq/L

70
Q

—— is high levels of potassium in blood = alkalosis

A

Hyperkalemia

71
Q

Sensory effects of drugs (2)

A
  1. ocular damage
  2. auditory damage
72
Q

Neurological effects of drugs: (5)

A
  1. CNS
  2. Anticholinergic (sedating)
  3. Extrapyramidal (motor control such as balance and involuntary movements)
  4. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS): rare reaction to antipsychotic drugs
  5. Teratogenicity: structural or functional abnormality to fetus
73
Q

Nursing Process: “APIE”

A

Assess
Plan
Intervene
Evaluate

Pharm (5 decks)

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