Chordata Phyla

Question 1

outgroup of chordata phyla

Answer 1

Echinodermata

Question 2

a flexible rod that runs along the anterior-posterior axis; may be associated with a jointed skelton, enables swimming

Answer 2

notochord

Question 3

a bundle of nervous tissue running the length of the body that transmits electrical signals; becomes CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Answer 3

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Question 4

helps propel many species in water

Answer 4

post-anal tail

Question 5

allows water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract; suspension-feeding device modified for gas exchange (gills) and parts of middle ear

Answer 5

pharyngeal slits

Question 6

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, 60k sp

Answer 6

Chordata

Question 7

function of pharyngeal slits in Cephalochordata

Answer 7

suspension-feeding

Question 8

function of pharyngeal slits in Petromyzontoidea

Answer 8

respiration

Question 9

function of pharyngeal slits in Gnathostomata

Answer 9

jaws

Question 10

cirri (filters foods), atriopore (excretes excess water), myomeres (muscles), lancelets, suspension feeders, marine, 22 sp, sessile

Answer 10

Cephalochordata

Question 11

tunic (body covering), tunicates (“sea squirts”), adults are sessile, larvae are mobile, suspension feeders, 2k sp, marine, larvae is dispersal form and has all 4 chordate traits, adults only have pharyngeal slits

Answer 11

Urochordata

Question 12

vertebrae, Hox genes, skull (syn. cranium), tail fin, neural crest, 58k sp

Answer 12

Vertebrata

Question 13

exemplify basic vertebrate structure, parasites, lampreys, 38 sp, marine and freshwater, adults are mobile, larvae are sessile

Answer 13

Petromyzontoidea

Question 14

jaws derived from pharyngeal slits, lateral line system, swimming fins (i.e. dorsal, pectoral), 60k sp, sharks, rays, fish, tetrapods, mobile, terrestrial and aquatic predators

Answer 14

Gnathostomata

Question 15

lightly mineralized skeleton, sharks, rays, 1k sp, mobile marine predators

Answer 15

Chondrichthyes

Question 16

bony mineralized skeleton and lungs or a homologous structure (i.e. swim bladder), contains all tetrapods and several groups of fish, mobile marine predators, 27k sp, ray-finned fish and lobe-fins

Answer 16

Osteichthyans

Question 17

ray-finned fish (sea horse, eel, yellow fin tuna, lionfish), 27k sp, mobile marine/freshwater predators, diverse group of bony fish, operculum (hard bony flap covering gills), bony scales, gill chambers, swim bladder (buoyancy)

Answer 17

Actinopterygii

Question 18

coelacanths and lungfish, 8k sp, mobile marine predators, contains the tetrapods and fish outgroups (i.e. Dipnoi), muscular fin/limb structure with specific pattern of bony support

Answer 18

Lobe-fins

Question 19

reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and amniotes, 30k sp, terrestrial and aquatic mobile predators, four limbs with digits, presence of neck, strong pectoral and pelvic girdles (terrestrial adaptations)

Answer 19

Tetrapoda

Question 20

salamanders, frogs, caecilians, 6100 sp, damp habitats, mobile predators, morphologically diverse group, most terrestrial non-amniote vertebrate group, biphasic life cycles, lateral line system present in aquatic species and aquatic larvae

Answer 20

Amphibia

Question 21

reptiles and mammals, terrestrial mobile predators, 20-25k sp, most terrestrial group of vertebrates, terrestrial adaptations related to reproduction (i.e. amniotic membranes), skin less permeable to water (i.e. proteins like keratin found in scales and feathers), use rib cage to efficiently ventilate lungs

Answer 21

Amniota

Question 22

snakes, lizards, crocodilians, ectothermic, egg-laying, scaled organisms // birds=endothermic, egg-laying, feathered organisms // terrestrial mobile predators, 10k sp

Answer 22

Reptilia

Question 23

mammals, endothermic, hair, middle ear bones, milk production, dentary bone, 5300 sp, terrestrial and aquatic mobile predators (i.e. primates, kangaroos, possums, mice, flying squirrels)

Answer 23

Synapsida