Chordata Phyla Flashcards
outgroup of chordata phyla
Echinodermata
a flexible rod that runs along the anterior-posterior axis; may be associated with a jointed skelton, enables swimming
notochord
a bundle of nervous tissue running the length of the body that transmits electrical signals; becomes CNS (brain and spinal cord)
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
helps propel many species in water
post-anal tail
allows water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract; suspension-feeding device modified for gas exchange (gills) and parts of middle ear
pharyngeal slits
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, 60k sp
Chordata
function of pharyngeal slits in Cephalochordata
suspension-feeding
function of pharyngeal slits in Petromyzontoidea
respiration
function of pharyngeal slits in Gnathostomata
jaws
cirri (filters foods), atriopore (excretes excess water), myomeres (muscles), lancelets, suspension feeders, marine, 22 sp, sessile
Cephalochordata
tunic (body covering), tunicates (“sea squirts”), adults are sessile, larvae are mobile, suspension feeders, 2k sp, marine, larvae is dispersal form and has all 4 chordate traits, adults only have pharyngeal slits
Urochordata
vertebrae, Hox genes, skull (syn. cranium), tail fin, neural crest, 58k sp
Vertebrata
exemplify basic vertebrate structure, parasites, lampreys, 38 sp, marine and freshwater, adults are mobile, larvae are sessile
Petromyzontoidea
jaws derived from pharyngeal slits, lateral line system, swimming fins (i.e. dorsal, pectoral), 60k sp, sharks, rays, fish, tetrapods, mobile, terrestrial and aquatic predators
Gnathostomata
lightly mineralized skeleton, sharks, rays, 1k sp, mobile marine predators
Chondrichthyes
bony mineralized skeleton and lungs or a homologous structure (i.e. swim bladder), contains all tetrapods and several groups of fish, mobile marine predators, 27k sp, ray-finned fish and lobe-fins
Osteichthyans
ray-finned fish (sea horse, eel, yellow fin tuna, lionfish), 27k sp, mobile marine/freshwater predators, diverse group of bony fish, operculum (hard bony flap covering gills), bony scales, gill chambers, swim bladder (buoyancy)
Actinopterygii
coelacanths and lungfish, 8k sp, mobile marine predators, contains the tetrapods and fish outgroups (i.e. Dipnoi), muscular fin/limb structure with specific pattern of bony support
Lobe-fins
reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and amniotes, 30k sp, terrestrial and aquatic mobile predators, four limbs with digits, presence of neck, strong pectoral and pelvic girdles (terrestrial adaptations)
Tetrapoda
salamanders, frogs, caecilians, 6100 sp, damp habitats, mobile predators, morphologically diverse group, most terrestrial non-amniote vertebrate group, biphasic life cycles, lateral line system present in aquatic species and aquatic larvae
Amphibia
reptiles and mammals, terrestrial mobile predators, 20-25k sp, most terrestrial group of vertebrates, terrestrial adaptations related to reproduction (i.e. amniotic membranes), skin less permeable to water (i.e. proteins like keratin found in scales and feathers), use rib cage to efficiently ventilate lungs
Amniota
snakes, lizards, crocodilians, ectothermic, egg-laying, scaled organisms // birds=endothermic, egg-laying, feathered organisms // terrestrial mobile predators, 10k sp
Reptilia
mammals, endothermic, hair, middle ear bones, milk production, dentary bone, 5300 sp, terrestrial and aquatic mobile predators (i.e. primates, kangaroos, possums, mice, flying squirrels)
Synapsida
