Cholinergic Drugs Flashcards
What are the two types of Cholinergic Receptors?
Nicotinic Receptors
Muscarinic Receptors
What is the structure of a nicotinic receptor?
Made up of 5 subunits and binds 2 molecules of agonist
What is the difference between Skeletal muscle nAcChR molecular biology in skeletal muscle and the CNS?
Skeletal is fairly simple
CNS is complicated
Why do fetal and and adult skeletal muscles have somewhat different properties?
They have 1 subunit on their nicotonic receptors that is different
Why are CNS AcChR so complicated?
They have many different subunits
What type of receptors are muscarine receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors
What are the different types of muscarine receptors?
M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
The odd numbers do one thing
The even numbers do other things
What is the significance of M1, M3, and M5?
They are linked to Gaq
They activate DAG and IP3 signaling
They increase Ca and ultimately create contractility
What is the significance of M2 and M4?
They are linked to Gai
They inhibit adenylate cyclase
What is the inderirect acting mechanism of Cholinergic agonist
Cholinesterase inhibition
Acetylcholine
A non-specific cholinergic agonist
Binds to the target and is hydrolyzed once its work is done
Carbachol
Non-specific cholinergic agonist (but mainly binds to nicotinic receptors)
Isn’t hydrolyzed as readily as Acetylcholine
Muscarine
Specific cholinergic agonist for muscarinic recptors
Nicotine
Specific cholinergic agonist for nicotinic receptrs
T/F - different agonists have different selectivity
True
Hydrolysis by cholinesterase has a profound effect on what?
They duration of action of cholinergic agonist
The higher the rate of hydrolysis, the shorter the duration of action
How fast does Acetylcholine hydrolyze?
Very rapidly, and has the shortest duration of action
How fast does Methacholine hydrolyze?
Slower, so it has a longer duration of action
What are the hydrolysis rates on Carbachol, bethanechol, cevimeline, and alkaloids?
They are not hydrolyzed, so they have the longest duration of action
What is the selectivity of methacholine, bethanochol, muscarine, cavimeline, and pilocarpine?
They are all muscarinic selective
Are nicotinic agonist or muscarinic agonist more clinically relevant?
Muscarinic
nicotinic is still important for overall physiology
What is the molecular mechanism of Nicotinic receptors?
1) Activation of nicotine AcCh receptors depolarize the postsynaptic membrane
2) Local depolarization leads to an AP
3) Post-synaptic depolarization leads to the release of Ca from the SR
4) Release of Ca from the SR leads to muscle contraction
What is the molecular mechanism of M1, M3, M5?
Activate phospholipase C and promotes Ca release
What is the molecular mechanism of M2 and M4?
Inhibit adenylate cyclase
What pharmacological effects do muscarinic receptors have on the eye?
M3 receptors are on the sphincter muscle.
-Activation mediates pupil contraction
M3 receptors on the ciliary muscles also mediate contraction
-This increases drainage by the trabecular network and reduces ocular pressure
What pharmacological effects do muscarinic receptors have on the heart?
Cardiac muscles contain M2 receptors
Activation reduces cardiac output
What pharmacological effects do muscarinic receptors have on vasodilation?
Vascular endothelial cell express M3 receptors
- Activation increases Ca in endothelial cells
- Ca/Calmodulin activates NOS to produce NO
- NO travels to the smooth muscle, enhances cGMP production, leading to muscle relaxation and vasodilation
What pharmacological effects do muscarinic receptors have on bronchoconstriction?
M3 muscarinic receptors on the bronchial muscle mediate contraction
What pharmacological effects do muscarinic receptors have on GI tracts?
Mostly contractile
However, M2 receptors relax the sphincter muscles
What pharmacological effects do muscarinic receptors have on secretory glands?
M3 receptors lead to the release of Ca
This release stimulates the release of glandular contents from the secretory glands