Choldhood Immunisatios Flashcards
How do we know vaccines wok and are safe
Meassuring effectiveness:
- does it produce antibodies (measurement of correlate of protection)
- epidemiology assessment
Safety:
- animal trials
- human trials
- post marketing surveillance (urabe mumps strain caused encephalitis)
Efficacy monitoring
- are the biological in the vaccine correct?
- atonal institute of biological standards and control - world leader in testing that the components on the label are in the vaccine so that it is safe . Also ensures the safety monitoring takes place
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If you can stop it in children - reduce rates in older people
Describe tht value of immunisation
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What are the broad benefits o vaccination
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Whar are some hourshold benefits of vaccines
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What are the additional benefits of vaccines
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Describe the vaccine policy and guidance in the uk
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What is the uk immunisation schedule
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Describe the pertussis cases in England from 2009 to 2018
Big spike in 2012. Sine then, still there in low levels. Up until 2005 - whole cell vaccine - a to of components in the vaccine - but it was reactogenic - big reaction to the vaccine eg fever, red arm, some times fits. Then developed the acellular vaccine - took the organisms, stripped to genetic elements - bput the bits that the immune systems recognised in the vaccine. Reduced reactogenicity but reduced effectiveness. So slike in 2012. Since have introduced more boosters. Young children were getting it an early age. Mothers were also given. Was sad. Number of children wen down significantly since introduction of this and introduction of boosters. Proof that monitoring
describe teh emasal sepidemics
Regular epidemics - vaccine introduced in 1968. Went away intill late 90s. Then Wakefield scenario, increased cases of measals. Children died. Worldwide disaster.
