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Algae, Fungi And Mosses > Chlorophyta > Flashcards

Chlorophyta Flashcards

1
Q

Habitat of Chlorophyta

A

Freshwater (90%)
Marine (10%)

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2
Q

Chlorophyta pigments

A

Similar to higher plants with chlorophyll a and b, as well as carotenoids (B-carotene, siphonoxanthin, astaxanthin

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3
Q

B-carotene and astaxanthin colour cells ___________.

_____% of cellular content in Dunaliella sp.

A

Orange-red

8-12
(ROSE LAKE)

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4
Q

If there is a flagellum, then it cannot be____

A

Cyanobacteria

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5
Q

What other colour can green algae appear as?

A

Red

Still green algae, but with lots of B-carotene

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6
Q

Animals don’t synthesize carotenoids, but instead _________

A

Acquire through food chain

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7
Q

________ are responsible for the colouring in fish, crustaceans and birds (flamingos)

A

Hematochromes

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8
Q

In human health, carotenoids are _______

A

Antioxidants

B-carotene has a pro-vitamin A function

Lutein/Zeaxanthin constitute macular pigment in the eye-> may reduce age-related eye disease and cataracts

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9
Q

Chloroplast structure in Chlorophyta (green algae)

A

Chloroplasts surrounded by double membrane chloroplast envelope

Starch is formed in the chloroplasts in association with a Pyrenoid-> storage product in the chloroplast instead of in the cytoplasm

Starch similar to higher plants: amylose and amylopectin

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10
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

-usually in biflagellate genera there are two contractile vacuoles at the base of the flagella
-in fresh water (hypotonic) environment the inflow of water is compensated by the water that is pumped out by the contractile vacuoles
-contractile vacuoles may also function in removing waste form the cells

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11
Q

Eyespot or stigma

A

Most flagellated cells that show phototactic movement have this

-eye post consists of lipid droplets (globules)-> orange-red from carotenoids

Move cell in the direction of light

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12
Q

Phototaxy of Chlorophyta

A

-eyespot utilizes photoreceptor-> signalling
-light excitation causes isomerization of retinols protein -> triggers conformation change

-light initiates a signal that causes influx of Ca2+ into flagella
-two flagella respond differently to Ca2+ increase inside cytoplasm
-one flagellum beats faster, other slower
-difference in activity causes the cell to turn toward the light

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13
Q

Asexual reproduction happens when

A

Rapid and typical in good environmental constitutions when very rapid population growth is advantageous

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14
Q

Fragmentation

A

Asexual reproduction of colonies or filaments into two or more parts, each part becoming a new colony

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15
Q

Zoosporogenesis

A

Asexual reproduction of flagellated zoospores inside vegetative cells

Cell contents become densely coloured, then divide into several spherical zoospores which escape through a hole or tube in the cell wall

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16
Q

Zoospores may also form in ______ in younger parts or filaments

A

Sporangia

17
Q

Aplanospores

A

Asexual reproduction

Develop from the division of parent cell into daughter cells with separate cell walls-> function like zoospores but not motile: germinate into new individuals

May remain together in a loosely-held mucilaginous colony

18
Q

Autospores

A

Asexual reproduction

Develop within parent cell wall, same shape as the parent cell

Common in unicellular green algae

19
Q

Chlamydomonas nivalis (snow algae) reproduce in which way

A

Aplanospores

20
Q

Coenobia

A

Asexual reproduction

Colonies with a definite number of symmetric cells (volvox)

Individual cells enlarge, but no division of vegetative cells in colony

Individuals may grow as unicels in absence of predators-> chemicals from the digestive track of daphnia induce colony formation

21
Q

What is the advantage of existing as a colony

A

More surface area to stay afloat

22
Q

Variations of sexual reproduction in Chlorophyta

A

Isogamous-(+-, look the same)

Ansiogamous-distinguishable gametes (same size)

Oogamy-large egg, small sperm

23
Q

Basic sexual reproduction life cycle of Chlorophyta is _______

A

Zygotic

Zygote is only diploid cell in cycle

Meiosis occurs in zygote

24
Q

Contrast zoo spores and isogametes in the chlamydomonas sexual cycle

A

Zoospores- motile spore that continues the asexual cycle of haploid forms (+ or -) dividing mitotically into more haploid forms

Isogametes- motile spores that that take a + and - gamete, go through Plasmotomy and karyogamy to produce a zygospores which then divides meiotically and germinates

25
Q

Plasmogamy

A

Protoplasm of two parent cells fuse without fusion of nuclei

26
Q

Karyogamy

A

Migration of two nuclei toward each other and fusing

27
Q

Where do zygospores go?

A

Sink to bottom to winter, and germinate in spring (heavy)

(Resting spore)

28
Q

Gametogenesis induced by environmental changes in Oedogonium and Volvocales

A

Sexual reproduction with high CO2 and low nitrogen

Vegetative cells secrete pheromone=sexual differentiation in cells of opposite sex (ansiogamy)
-gonidia exposed to pheromone alter their development to produce an egg or spermatids packets
-colony may produce both sperm packets and egg = sexual reproduction without other individuals

29
Q

Oogamy

A

Flagellated sperm, stationary egg

30
Q

Antheridia produce….
Archegonia produce…..

A

Male gametes (sperm)

Female gametes (egg)

31
Q

Can a dioecious species self fertilize?

A

No, dioecious species have a separate filament for male and female, so they can not self fertilize.

Monoecious species can!

32
Q

Class Charophyceae
Order Charales
Common name and habitat

A

Stonewarts or brittleworts

Quiet, freshwater=ponds, streams, landscaping

33
Q

Order Charales organisms unique features (2)

A

Internodal cells consist of a giant cell with branches, whirled at nodes! (Coenocetic)

Plant is anchored in mud or silt by uniseriately branched rhizoids

34
Q

Class Charophyceae and fossilization

A

Calcification (Chara sp.) results from precipitation of CaCO3 in water high in Ca2+ (caused by pH change adjacent to internodal cells)

Calcified iogo is persist in the fossil record and are known as gyrogonites

35
Q

The flagellar root system of the Charophyceae is similar to that found in the sperm of _______

Therefore, it is considered the _______

A

Bryophytes (mosses) and some vascular plants

Closest ancestor of bryophytes and vascular plants

36
Q

How are sperm cells of Charophyceae distinct from other classes of green algae?

A

-two unequal flagella
-flagella attached in lateral position in the cell (multilayered)
-asymmetrical flagellar root system of microtubules

37
Q

Green algae are present in ________ aquatic environments, but seldom dominant to form _____

A

Most
Blooms

38
Q

Chlorophyta are important parts of what community

A

Phytoplankton

39
Q

Morphological modifications of green algae that help then to float

A

Small size
Elaborate shapes
Spine

Algae, Fungi And Mosses (18 decks)

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