Basidiomycota Flashcards
Basidiomycota contains about _____ described sources which is about ____% of the destructed true fungi species
30,000
37
Familiar basidiomycota species include
Mushroom and toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs, earth stars, jelly fungi, rust and smut
Habitat of basidiomycota
Virtually all terrestrial ecosystems as well as freshwater and marine habitats
Lifestyle of basidomyctoa
-many are saprotrophic -> important in litter and wood decay
-also pathogens of trees
-some occur in mutualistic relationships with the roots of trees forming ectotrophic (sheathing) mycorrhiza (ectomycorrhizal)
Can you eat basidiomycota
The fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) of many mushrooms are edible and some are commercially grown for food.
However, some are poisonous or hallucinogenic
Diagnostic features of Basidiomycetes
- Basidia: cells on which sexual spores are produced
- Dikaryon: each cell in the thallus contains two haploid nuclei resulting from a mating event
- Clamp connections: hyphal outgrowth that is unique to basidiomycota, although they are not present in all basidiomycota
Basidiomycota hyphal septa
-unifying morphological feature of the basidiomycota is the presence of “dolipore” septa
-pores in the cross walls between adjacent cells that are bordered by a collar-like margin of cell wall material
-permits cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent segments
Clamp connections
Ensures dikaryotic condition is maintained during growth of secondary hypahe
The fungal Clade that includes ascomycota and Basidiomyctoa has been called the __________
Dikaryomycotina
Reflecting this presumably homologous similarity
Ascomycota produce clamp-like “croziers” at the bases of asci. Croziers may be homologous to clamp connections
Evidence for close relation between basidiomycota and ascomycota
-composition and construction of hyphal walls (presence of chitin)
-production of similar Conidial states
-molecular sequence data
-clamp connections are seen as homologous to the croziers in the ascogenous hypahe-> both have the same function of re-distributing nuclei
Basidiomycota spore discharge
Forcibly discharged spores, which are propelled into the air from the sterigma
-Ballistospory: associated with forms that disperse their spores directly into the air
-Most aquatic basidiocmycota and forms of puffballs have lost ballistospory
Spore discharge in Basidiomycota occurs when the ……
Bullers drop fuses with a film of liquid on the surface of the spore
Rapid coalescence if the liquids causes a sudden shift in the Center of mass of the spore and contributes to the spore release.
Spores being discharged with a force of 25,000g
3 types of Basidia
-Holobasidium: one celled structure of varying shape
-Phragmobasidium (heterobasidium), a septate basidium with one or more transverse or vertical septa
-Teliobasidium: consists of a thick walled resting spore and germ tube (promycelium) which bears the basidiospores
Phylum basidiomyctoa divided based on morphology of basidia
- Fungal with homobasidia: agarics and poly pores
- Fungi with heterobasidia: Jelly fungi
- Fungi with teleobasidia: smut and rust
Arrangements of the hymenium:
- Agaricoid: Gil bearing
- Poroid: Bearing pores instead of gills
- hydnoid: with a toothed or spiny hymenium
- Clavate: With a club shaped or coralloid fruit body, the outside of which is covered by the hymenium
- Resupinate: flattened hymenium appressed to the underside of soils surfaces
- Gasteroid: non-ballistosporic
Hymenial arrangements have evolved _________ in unrelated fungal groups (convergent evolution) to do what
Separately
Maximize surface area
Agaricales
-appearance
-type of basidium
-where are basidia
-lifestyle
-Basidiocarp texture fleshy, basidia produced on gills
-Holobasidia
-important ecto-mycorrhizal partners with trees and shrubs, most of the rest are saprobic decomposers
-few are pathogens
Aphyllophorales
-appearance
-type of basidium
-basidia produced where
-basidiocarp texture usually tougher
-basidia usually procured on structures other than gills
-holobasidia
-Basidia may like the interior of tubes (poly pores), the exterior of conical teeth (tooth fungi), the exterior of upright cylinders (coral fungi)
Lycoperdales
-type of basidia
-appearance
-where are basidiospores
-holobasida
-Puffballs are fungi whose fruiting bodies consist of little else except a solid mass of spores, called a gleba
-basidiospores at maturity form dry powdery mass in the basidiocarp interior
Order Tremellales (Jelly fungi)
-type of basidia
-heterobasidia (phragmobasidia
Fungi with teleobasidia include….
Plant parasites
-smuts: are even eaten!
-rust
What do smuts look like
Large black sacs containing teliospores (resting spores)
Why are mushrooms a good food source
-Less protein than animals but more than most plants=food
-have all the essential amino acids, low in fat, have less than 70 calories per 1/2 lb
-all important minerals besides iron
Mushroom cultivation process
1: microorganisms start metabolizing organic material mix
2: pasteurize compost to kill harmful microorganisms
3: add mushroom spawn (grain that has been colonized with a pure culture of mushroom fungus) and induce fruiting (manipulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity and temperature)
4: harvest
Mushrooms as medicine
Psilocybin mushrooms: Fungi that contain psychedelic substances like psilocybin and Psilocin and occasionally other psychoactive tryptamines
Hallucinogenic species have a history of use along native peoples for religious communion, divination, and healing
