Basidiomycota

Question 1

Basidiomycota contains about _____ described sources which is about ____% of the destructed true fungi species

Answer 1

30,000
37

Question 2

Familiar basidiomycota species include

Answer 2

Mushroom and toadstools, bracket fungi, puffballs, earth stars, jelly fungi, rust and smut

Question 3

Habitat of basidiomycota

Answer 3

Virtually all terrestrial ecosystems as well as freshwater and marine habitats

Question 4

Lifestyle of basidomyctoa

Answer 4

-many are saprotrophic -> important in litter and wood decay
-also pathogens of trees
-some occur in mutualistic relationships with the roots of trees forming ectotrophic (sheathing) mycorrhiza (ectomycorrhizal)

Question 5

Can you eat basidiomycota

Answer 5

The fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) of many mushrooms are edible and some are commercially grown for food.

However, some are poisonous or hallucinogenic

Question 6

Diagnostic features of Basidiomycetes

Answer 6

1. Basidia: cells on which sexual spores are produced
2. Dikaryon: each cell in the thallus contains two haploid nuclei resulting from a mating event
3. Clamp connections: hyphal outgrowth that is unique to basidiomycota, although they are not present in all basidiomycota

Question 7

Basidiomycota hyphal septa

Answer 7

-unifying morphological feature of the basidiomycota is the presence of “dolipore” septa
-pores in the cross walls between adjacent cells that are bordered by a collar-like margin of cell wall material
-permits cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent segments

Question 8

Clamp connections

Answer 8

Ensures dikaryotic condition is maintained during growth of secondary hypahe

Question 9

The fungal Clade that includes ascomycota and Basidiomyctoa has been called the __________

Answer 9

Dikaryomycotina

Reflecting this presumably homologous similarity

Ascomycota produce clamp-like “croziers” at the bases of asci. Croziers may be homologous to clamp connections

Question 10

Evidence for close relation between basidiomycota and ascomycota

Answer 10

-composition and construction of hyphal walls (presence of chitin)
-production of similar Conidial states
-molecular sequence data
-clamp connections are seen as homologous to the croziers in the ascogenous hypahe-> both have the same function of re-distributing nuclei

Question 11

Basidiomycota spore discharge

Answer 11

Forcibly discharged spores, which are propelled into the air from the sterigma

-Ballistospory: associated with forms that disperse their spores directly into the air
-Most aquatic basidiocmycota and forms of puffballs have lost ballistospory

Question 12

Spore discharge in Basidiomycota occurs when the ……

Answer 12

Bullers drop fuses with a film of liquid on the surface of the spore

Rapid coalescence if the liquids causes a sudden shift in the Center of mass of the spore and contributes to the spore release.

Spores being discharged with a force of 25,000g

Question 13

3 types of Basidia

Answer 13

-Holobasidium: one celled structure of varying shape
-Phragmobasidium (heterobasidium), a septate basidium with one or more transverse or vertical septa
-Teliobasidium: consists of a thick walled resting spore and germ tube (promycelium) which bears the basidiospores

Question 14

Phylum basidiomyctoa divided based on morphology of basidia

Answer 14

1. Fungal with homobasidia: agarics and poly pores
2. Fungi with heterobasidia: Jelly fungi
3. Fungi with teleobasidia: smut and rust

Question 15

Arrangements of the hymenium:

Answer 15

1. Agaricoid: Gil bearing
2. Poroid: Bearing pores instead of gills
3. hydnoid: with a toothed or spiny hymenium
4. Clavate: With a club shaped or coralloid fruit body, the outside of which is covered by the hymenium
5. Resupinate: flattened hymenium appressed to the underside of soils surfaces
6. Gasteroid: non-ballistosporic

Question 16

Hymenial arrangements have evolved _________ in unrelated fungal groups (convergent evolution) to do what

Answer 16

Separately

Maximize surface area

Question 17

Agaricales
-appearance
-type of basidium
-where are basidia
-lifestyle

Answer 17

-Basidiocarp texture fleshy, basidia produced on gills
-Holobasidia
-important ecto-mycorrhizal partners with trees and shrubs, most of the rest are saprobic decomposers
-few are pathogens

Question 18

Aphyllophorales
-appearance
-type of basidium
-basidia produced where

Answer 18

-basidiocarp texture usually tougher
-basidia usually procured on structures other than gills
-holobasidia
-Basidia may like the interior of tubes (poly pores), the exterior of conical teeth (tooth fungi), the exterior of upright cylinders (coral fungi)

Question 19

Lycoperdales
-type of basidia
-appearance
-where are basidiospores

Answer 19

-holobasida
-Puffballs are fungi whose fruiting bodies consist of little else except a solid mass of spores, called a gleba
-basidiospores at maturity form dry powdery mass in the basidiocarp interior

Question 20

Order Tremellales (Jelly fungi)
-type of basidia

Answer 20

-heterobasidia (phragmobasidia

Question 21

Fungi with teleobasidia include….

Answer 21

Plant parasites
-smuts: are even eaten!
-rust

Question 22

What do smuts look like

Answer 22

Large black sacs containing teliospores (resting spores)

Question 23

Why are mushrooms a good food source

Answer 23

-Less protein than animals but more than most plants=food
-have all the essential amino acids, low in fat, have less than 70 calories per 1/2 lb
-all important minerals besides iron

Question 24

Mushroom cultivation process

Answer 24

1: microorganisms start metabolizing organic material mix
2: pasteurize compost to kill harmful microorganisms
3: add mushroom spawn (grain that has been colonized with a pure culture of mushroom fungus) and induce fruiting (manipulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity and temperature)
4: harvest

Question 25

Mushrooms as medicine

Answer 25

Psilocybin mushrooms: Fungi that contain psychedelic substances like psilocybin and Psilocin and occasionally other psychoactive tryptamines

Hallucinogenic species have a history of use along native peoples for religious communion, divination, and healing