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IMED2001 > Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and anaerobes > Flashcards

Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and anaerobes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important features of chlamydiaceae?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites and as a result will not grow on agar or gram stain.

They have an outer membrane that is similar to gram negative bacteria

They do not appear to produce a peptidoglycan cell wall.

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2
Q

What species of chlamydiaceae infect humans?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila psittaci

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3
Q

What are the 15 strains of chlamydia trachomatis divided into?

A

2 biovars:

LGV biovar (3 subtypes)

Trachoma biovar

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4
Q

What kind of infection do LGV biovars cause?

A

STI called lymphogranuloma venereum

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5
Q

What kind of illnesses do tranchoma biovars of chlamydia trachomatis cause?

A

Serovars A, B, Ba and C cause occular trachoma

Serovars D - K cause sexually transmitted genital tract disease as well as inclusion conjunctivitis and perinatal disease

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6
Q

What kind of transmission do serovars A, B, Ba, and C of the trachoma biovars use?

A

Hand to eye

Fomites

Flies

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7
Q

Where are LGV biovar infections commonly acquired?

A

From tropical regions including Northern Australia.

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8
Q

Who gets LGV biovar proctitis?

A

People who engage in anal sex (MSM populations primarily)

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of LGV biovar infection?

A

Small genital papule or ulcer

Regional lymph nodes enlarged

Big inflammatory mass (bubo)

Multiple draining abscesses in the groin

Fever and muscle aches

Inflammatory mass heals with scar formation

External genitalia may be deformed by chronic granulomatous ulceration.

Elephantiasis may result

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10
Q

What populations are commonly affected by ocular trachoma?

A

Indigenous Australians (leading cause of blindness in Australian aboriginals)

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in the world?

A

Ocular trachoma

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of ocular trachoma?

A

Initially produces inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea

Over time conjunctival surface of the lids becomes scarred and contracted

Eyelashes become turned in resulting in trauma to the cornea and cornea becomes scarred and opaque

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13
Q

What is the world’s most common STD?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis non-LGV infection

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of non-LGV chlamydia infection?

A

Urethritis

Epididymitis

Prostatitis

In females:

Cervicitis

Upper genital tract infection (Pelvic inflammatory disease)

Infertility (leading cause)

In newborns it can cause chronic conjunctivitis or chronic pneumonia

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15
Q

What kind of infection does chlamydophila pneumoniae cause?

A

Mild infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract:

Bronchitis

Mild pneumonia

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16
Q

What kind of disease does chlamydophila psittaci cause?

A

Parrot fever:

Discharge from eyes or nares

Difficulty breathing

Diarrhoea

Lethargy

Decreased appetite

Weight loss

Depression

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydophila psittaci?

A

Flu-like illness:

Non-specific

Fever

Sore throat

Hepatosplenomegaly

Enlarged lymph nodes

Can also produce a typhoid like disease but much less often.

18
Q

Which pathogen causes walking pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

19
Q

What is atypical pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia that in the past was caused by unknown bacteria

20
Q

What kind of bacteria cause atypical pneumonia?

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila psittaci

Legionella pneumoniae

Legionella longbeachae

Pneumocystis jeroveci

21
Q

Why has understanding the role of mycoplasma species been difficult?

A

Due to them being genital commensals with increased numbers in proportion to sexual activity.

22
Q

What kind of infections are mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma associated with?

A

Pregnancy infections (chorioamnionitis, post partum, post abortal fever)

Neonatal infections (bacteraemia and abscesses)

23
Q

What diseases are mycoplasma genitalium associated with?

A

Non-gonococcal urethritis in males

Cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in females

24
Q

What are anaerobic bacteria defined as?

A

Bacteria that will not grow on surface of solid agar in air supplemented with 10% O2.

25
Q

Where are anaerobes located?

A

Oropharynx

Bowel

Vagina

Skin

26
Q

What are the degrees of anaerobiasis?

A

Facultative anaerobes which can grow in O2 or no O2.

Microaerophilic (require low O2)

Obligate anaerobes

27
Q

What are the levels of tolerance seen in obligate anaerobic bacteria?

A

Strict (can only tolerate up to 0.5% O2)

Moderate (Tolerate 2 - 8% O2)

Aerotolerant (tolerate atmospheric oxygen for a limited time)

28
Q

Why is the degree of anaerobiasis important to conisder?

A

It is relevant for considering:

Where in the body these bacteria are found.

Appropriate specimen collection.

Appropriate culturing conditions in the lab.

29
Q

What are the anaerobic gram positive cocci?

A

Anaerococcus

Finegoldia

Parvimonas

Peptococcus

Peptostreptococcus

30
Q

What are the anaerobic gram positive rods?

A

Clostridium

Propionibacterium

Actinomyces

Some lactobacillus

31
Q

What are the anaerobic gram negative cocci?

A

Veillonella

32
Q

What are the anaerobic gram negative bacilli?

A

Bacteroides

Fusobacterium

Mobiluncus

Porphyromonas

Prevotella

33
Q

What is the common trend with anaerobic bacteria?

A

They are frequently endogenous:

Normal flora getting access to sterile body site

Often polymicrobial

Sometimes they are exogenous:

Clostridium tetani, perfringens

Bite wound anaerobes

34
Q

What is a common symptom of endogenous anaerobic bacterial infection?

A

Pus filled abscesses

Dental infections

35
Q

What type of pneumonia is associated with anaerobic infections?

A

Aspiration pneumonia. (often causes lung abscesses)

36
Q

What kind of lung and pleural infections are caused by anaerobic infections?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

Lung abscesses

Empyema

37
Q

Which other tissue can be affected by pus filled abscesses due to anaerobic bacterial infection?

A

The liver

The peritoneum (peritonitis)

38
Q

What are the categories of pelvic inflammatory disease and what causes them?

A

Endogenous: Caused by vaginal bacteria

Exogenous: Caused by STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea

39
Q

What group of bacteria cause diabetic foot infections?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

40
Q

Which bacteria cause necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)

Streptococcus pyogenes

Vibrio vulnificus

Aeromonas hydrophila

IMED2001 (44 decks)

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