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Mammalian Diversity > Chiroptera > Flashcards

Chiroptera Flashcards

1
Q

What group of organisms are found within the order Chiroptera ?

A

Bats

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2
Q

Give the distribution of bats across the globe.

A

Found across most of the world

Species rich near the equator.

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3
Q

State how many species have currently been described.

A

1100

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4
Q

Give the 2 new suborders of the Chiroptera

A

Yinpterochrioptera

Yangochiroptera

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5
Q

What is contained in the new sub order Yinpterochrioptera.

A

Pteropodidae, horseshoe bats and relatives

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6
Q

List some key characteristics of species in the Yinpterochiroptera

A 
Big eyes, small ears 
Orientate visually
Overall, do not echolocate
Large size 
(1.5 kg wingspan 1.7m)
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7
Q

What is unusual about the genus Rousettus, in Yinpterochiroptera ?

A

It uses echolocation, by clicking its tongue against the side of its mouth.

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8
Q

What is contained in the new suborder Yangochiroptera.

A

Remainder of the Microchiroptera

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9
Q

List some key characteristics of the species in the Yangochiroptera

A

Very small
Bumble bee bat- 2g
Laryngeal echolocation for orientation and prey detection/

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10
Q

Bats are paraphyletic, true or false ?

A

False, Monophyletic

Clade consists of all ancestral species and descendants.

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11
Q

There are many theories surrounding echolocation in bats, State one of them.

A

Echolocation was present in early bats but was later lost in the Pteropodidae. (Yinpterochrioptera)

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12
Q

What is the date of the first bat fossils.

A

55 million years ago

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13
Q

What in these early fossils of bats suggests that these ancestors used echolocation ?

A

Well developed Cochlea structure

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14
Q

The fossil Onychonycteris finneyi had claws on all digits, why is this ?

A

Enabled this organism to climb up trees, Crucial feature for the movement from terrestrial living.
Over time, evolved to one thumb claw.

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15
Q

Why did echolocation develop ?

A

As a means of flight orientation and prey capture.

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16
Q

The wing is a modification of….

A

The pendactyl limb

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17
Q

Bats are not the only mammals capable of powered flight

True or false ?

A

False, Sugar gliders can also fly but this is not powered.

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18
Q

What does a bats wing shape determine ?

A

Flight speed and manoeuvrability

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19
Q

Describe the wing adaptions of a fast flying bat and explain why this effects where they hunt

A

Long narrow wings
Limited drag on wind
High wing loading

But limited Manoeuvrability
Need large space to hut

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20
Q

Describe the wing adaptions of a bat species which hunts in a forest and explain how this effects speed.

A

Low aspect ratio
Low wing loading
Good Manoeuvrability to hunt in a small space.

But Slow flight

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21
Q

What is wing loading ?

A

Weight to wing area ratio.

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22
Q

What is the main diet of bats ?

A

70% are insectivorous

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23
Q

How are bats able to detect small objects via echolocation ?

A

Use high frequencies, giving short wavelengths which can detect insects.

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24
Q

How do bats capture prey once they have detected it via echolocation ?

A

Catch prey in flight,

Wings and tail membranes help increase the capture area

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25
Q

How have insects evolved to counter the accuracy of bat echolocation ?

A

Evolution of ears sensitive to sound

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26
Q

If the echolocation of the bat is low, how will the insect avoid capture ?

A

Will simply turn in the opposite direction

27
Q

If the echolocation of the bath is high, how will the insect avoid capture ?

A

Will power spiral out of the flight path to avoid detection

28
Q

On what surface is echolocation ineffective on ?

A

Complex surfaces,

29
Q

How do gleaning species capture prey ?

A

Have large ears to hear prey generated sounds (wing beat)

Will fly close to the ground and grab prey

30
Q

What is Frugivory ?

A

The consumption of fruit as a food source

31
Q

How are bats important in seed dispersal ?

A

Frugivorous bats will consume the fruit and disperse the seeds.

32
Q

How did Frugivory in bats evolve ?

A

Consumption of Insects
Capture of insects from rotting fruit.
Then ate insects and Fruit
Finally evolved to species on fruit

33
Q

What dental adaption of bats enabled Frugivory ?

A

Evolution of Crushing molars to process fruit.

34
Q

What is Nectarivory ?

A

The consumption of nectar from flowers for energy, Bats will also have a key role in pollination.

35
Q

What are the dietary benefits of consuming nectar and pollen ?

A

Good balance of carbohydrate and protein.

36
Q

Flowers that are consumed by bats will have modified appendages, describe these,

A

Some flowers have evolved acoustic guides

Limited colour as bats active at night.

37
Q

What adaption of bats enables them to consume nectar ?

A

Elongated tongues to drink nectar.

38
Q

How did nectarivory evolve ?

A

From insectivory, insects visit flowers, began to consume insects and flowers. Finally just moved to consumption of Flowers.

39
Q

What is Piscivory ?

A

A dietary reliance on fish

40
Q

How does the bat use echolocation for Piscivory ?

A

The bat detects ripples on the water surface using echolocation
Will then fly close to the water and seize prey

41
Q

Can echolocation penetrate the water ?

A

No, relies on the fish coming to the surface.

42
Q

Give the morphological adaptions of bats to Piscivory.

A

Large feet with long toes to enable trawling

Can catch prey without wetting wings.

43
Q

What habitat requirements do piscivores have ?

A

Calm bodies of water as rely on ripples

Lakes or quiet coastal bay

44
Q

Give a species of Piscivore bat.

A

Greater Bulldog Bat

45
Q

Describe the dietary content of carnivorous bats

A

Small mammals, Geckos, other bats

46
Q

Describe how the frog eating bat locates prey.

A

Listens to its mating calls to locate prey

Able to distinguish if species is poisonous or edible.

47
Q

What is Sanguivory ?

A

The dietary consumption of blood

48
Q

How many species of vampire bat exist ?

A

3
Hairy-legged vampire bat
White-winged vampire bat
Common Vampire Bat

49
Q

How did Sanguivory evolve ?

A

From insectivory

Feeding on the flies that congregate around wounds

50
Q

How do Vampire bats feed ?

A

After putting the bite on an animal, the vampire bat laps up the flowing blood with its tongue. Its saliva prevents the blood from clotting. (anticoagulants)

51
Q

If vampire bats are successful, how much blood can they drink in one night ?

A

Half its body mass

52
Q

Describe the roosting patterns of vampire bats

A

Small groups of females will associate in roosts

Either relatives or long term reliable roosters

53
Q

Vampire bats need to feed every 3 days or will die,

What happens when a vampire bat feed is unsuccessful ?

A

If one female is unsuccessful in obtaining blood, others will regurgitate.
Females who are regurgitated to will later return the favour

54
Q

How is social grooming important in sanguivore bats ?

A

Occurs between roost mates

Use it to work out who has had a full feed and who requires reguritation

55
Q

How does kin selection explain regurgitation in vampire bat colonies ?

A

Vampire bats live in Matrilineal structures

Roost mate will usually be a relative, ensure survival of similar genes

56
Q

What is a matrilineal structure ?

A

Found in vampire bat colonies

Related females will feed in the same area (female based colony)

57
Q

How do vampire bats ensure a ‘friendly colony’ ?

A

Females will return to the natal area to give birth at maternity colonies

Grandmother, mother and daughter all breed with the same male

58
Q

Give the life expectancy of the greater horseshoe bat.

A

30 years

59
Q

Bats in temperate zones exhibit heterothermy, What does this mean ?

A

They are able to alter their temperature to the environment

Will Hibernate

60
Q

Describe the hibernation pattern of the greater horseshoe bat

A

Will hibernate for up to 12 days at a time
Arouse periodically to drink, feed, move, roost and defecate
Arousals are energetically costly, Boost immune system ?

61
Q

Do all bats use echolocation ?

A

Used by all bats except most Pteropodidae for orientation

62
Q

What frequencies of echolocation do most species of bat use ?

A

Most species use frequencies 20-60 kHz, range (11-212 kHz)

63
Q

There is a wide range of echolocation signal designs,

Give 2 and there advantages

A

Frequency-modulated signals (good for localisation)

Constant-frequency signals (Good for detecting and classifying insect targets.)

Mammalian Diversity (19 decks)

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