Chiropractic Neurology

Question 1

The frequency of firing of a neuron is dependent on…

Answer 1

the frequency of firing of its presynaptic neuron/neuronal pool.

Question 2

What are the 3 things needed to keep a neuron healthy?

Answer 2

Glucose, oxygen, and frequency of firing/signals coming into it

Question 3

The junction between neurons is called ________.

Answer 3

Synapse

Question 4

The signal carried by neurons is called _______.

Answer 4

Action potential

Question 5

Which ion is pumped into the cell?

Answer 5

potassium (K)

Question 6

Which ion is pumped out of the cell?

Answer 6

sodium (Na)

Question 7

A change in membrane potential closer to the firing threshold is called ________.

Answer 7

depolarization

Question 8

A change in membrane potential farther from the firing threshold is called ________.

Answer 8

hyperpolarization

Question 9

Multiple signals coming into a neuron at the same time is an example of ________.

Answer 9

spatial summation

Question 10

Increased frequency of signals coming into a neuron is an example of ________.

Answer 10

temporal summation

Question 11

The _____________ of a postsynaptic neuron is the result of the summation of presynaptic excitatory and inhibitory signals moving the postsynaptic neuron nearer or farther from action potential firing.

Answer 11

central integrated state

Question 12

Incoming information/action potentials to the nervous system are called ___________ signals.

Answer 12

afferent

Question 13

Outgoing information/action potentials to the nervous system are called ___________ signals.

Answer 13

efferent

Question 14

______________ is the process by which areas of the neuroaxis may receive multiple excitatory and inhibitory signals altering the response of that neuron or neuronal pool.

Answer 14

Modulation

Question 15

A system that receives multiple inputs from many areas affecting the response of that system is said to be a ____________ system.

Answer 15

multi-modal

Question 16

Altered afferentation leads to ____________

Answer 16

an altered central integrated state or the presynaptic pool and altered function of the effector organ.

Question 17

___________ signals alter function in target tissues/organs.

Answer 17

Efferent

Question 18

Organs whose function is altered by outgoing signals from the nervous system are called _______.

Answer 18

Effector organs

Question 19

________ is the greatest source of afferentation for the nervous system

Answer 19

Gravity

Question 20

___________ monitor the length of a muscle.

Answer 20

Muscle Spindle Cell (MSC)

Question 21

__________ monitor the tension in a muscle.

Answer 21

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

Question 22

Sensory information is __________, affecting many areas of the neuroaxis as it travels into the nervous system.

Answer 22

divergent

Question 23

Sensory receptors change an environmental stimulus into action potentials, this process is called _____________

Answer 23

transduction

Question 24

The _______ of a neuron is the sum total of the excitatory and inhibitory influences on that neuron.

Answer 24

Central Integrated State

Question 25

A decrease in the frequency of firing of a neuron causes a reduction in the processes needed to keep that neuron healthy. This decline in healthy function is called _______.

Answer 25

trans-neural degeneration

Question 26

______ is the breakdown of healthy cellular function in a neuron due to decreased frequency of firing.

Answer 26

trans-neural degeneration (TND)

Question 27

_________ is when increased frequencies of firing are maintained in a cell long after the original stimulus has stopped.

Answer 27

Long-term potentiation

Question 28

Outgoing signals from the nervous system are _______ signals.

Answer 28

Efferent

Question 29

The _______ nervous system controls muscle movement via the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

Answer 29

somatic

Question 30

The _______ nervous system originates from the interomediolateral cell column.

Answer 30

autonomic

Question 31

The ______ nervous system is responsible for controlling automatic vasomotor, sudomotor, and pilomotor functions.

Answer 31

sympathetic

Question 32

The ______ nervous system is responsible for controlling automatic rest, digest, and reproduce functions.

Answer 32

parasympathetic

Question 33

__________ is the loss of or alteration of normal sensory information.

Answer 33

Dysafferentation

Question 34

___________ responses are changes in gene expression as a result of changes in afferentation.

Answer 34

Immediate Early Gene (IEG)

Question 35

The chiropractic adjustment can alter genetic expression and improve neuronal health via the ___________ that happen with the restoration of normal afferentation.

Answer 35

Immediate Early Gene Responses

Question 36

The restoration of the normal frequency of firing of a neuron improves the health of the neuron via ____________ responses

Answer 36

Immediate Early Gene (IEG)

Question 37

_________ is the changing of the brain by experiences through the creation, alteration, strengthening, or weakening of neuronal circuits.

Answer 37

Neuroplasticity

Question 38

What ion flows into the cell during an action potential?

Answer 38

Sodium (Na)

Question 39

What ion flows out of the cell during an action potential?

Answer 39

Potassium (K)

Question 40

______ are stimulated by greater preadjustment load and faster adjustment speed.

Answer 40

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

Question 41

GTO stimulation _________ the ipsilateral cerebellum and the contralateral cerebral cortex.

Answer 41

inhibits

Question 42

MSC stimulation _________ the ipsilateral cerebellum and the contralateral cerebral cortex.

Answer 42

excites

Question 43

Adjusting in a way that quickly stretches the hypertonic muscle will _________ that muscle and __________ the paretic muscle on the opposite side.

Answer 43

inhibit, stimulate

Question 44

What receptor is primarily targeted by the chiropractic adjustment?

Answer 44

GTO

Question 45

What two reflexes control the coordination of head and eye movement to maintain gaze on a fixed object?

Answer 45

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) cervico-ocular reflex (COR)

Question 46

From a neurologic point of view, the subluxation alters sensory information from JMRs, MSCs, & GTOs. This sensory alteration is called__________.

Answer 46

Dysafferentation