china last topics

Question 1

what year was tiananmen square

Answer 1

1989

Question 2

what was Dengs way of thinking

Answer 2

Deng was happy to introcude new thinking into the economu but wanted to keep politics the same - with the CCP in charge and no way to challenge them - no free elections or free speech

Question 3

What happened? (tiananmen)

Answer 3

Hu Yaobang ( a politician in support of the student movement ) died and the students held a wake for him to remember his life in Tiananmen square , they wrote a petition to the government asking for reforms , which were denied . The wake turned into a sit in , and into a protest which lasted several days .

Question 4

How did Deng react (to student protest)

Answer 4

Deng was meeting with a leader of the USSR so waited to get back before acting .

He ordered the PLA to surround the square with 35,000 soldiers . The next morning the PLA went in and fought many of the sudents , many were killed and arrested

Question 5

Causes (of tiananmen)

Answer 5

-protests strated in Beijing as people were upset about nepotism in the CCP
-Dend arrested Hu yaobang for agreeing with the students
-Deng ordered the arrest of student leaders and censorship was increased

(ended 1986 protest but made people angry in the long term)

Question 6

Consequences (of tiananmen)

Answer 6

• leaders of Russia and USA publicly condemned China
  -USA placed economic sanctions on China
  -STudents hope crushed and no more student protests
  -´great green firewall of China´, still up to restrict many areas of the internet

Question 7

background to the cultural revolution

Answer 7

-Mao resigned as President of China in 1959 after the failure of the Great Leap Forward.
- China was now controlled by three leading Communists: Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping.
- solved the problems created by the Great Leap Forward by re-introducing some central control of the economy and planning by
‘bureaucrats’
- Mao remained as Chairman of the CCP and watched from the sidelines

Question 8

why did mao start the cultural revolution

Answer 8

• becoming concerned Middle-class experts and townspeople seemed to be getting wealthy at the expense of the peasants.
• Remove opposition – After GLF, Mao’s political position was weakened and the GLF criticised.
  -He wanted to defeat his opponents and regain political supremacy.
• Prevent communism being weakened– hated the development of a new CCP middle class which he saw as corrupt and motivated by power.
• believed that old attitudes and behaviours were a risk to communism.
• Remove alternative ideas/beliefs – did not want people to be able to think for themselves.
• did not want alternative ideas and beliefs to his to exist.
• Keep the revolution going – Mao believed in continuous struggle to ensure that communism did not fail.
• He worried communism was being weakened by ‘revisionist’ policies and wanted to get young people involved in ‘struggle’ so they would support communism.

Question 9

what did mao encourage the young people to do

Answer 9

• summoned the young people of China to Tiananmen Square and told them that the revolution was in danger from leaders of the CCP. - He called for young people to rise up and rid China of the anti-Communist elements within the Party and society.

Question 10

what was the Red guard

Answer 10

• young students of China
• loose grouping of college and secondary school students who embraced the cult of Mao and the aims of the Cultural Revolution
• formed to struggle against teachers but quickly took on a larger role.

Question 11

who were the leaders of the red guard

Answer 11

The Red Guards were supported by the PLA under Lin Biao and Mao’s wife Jiang Qing

Question 12

what were the ´four olds´

Answer 12

Old Culture, ideas, customs and habits.
- Red Guards told to attack anything seen as ‘capitalist’ or ‘bourgeois’, or that could be regarded as ‘old’.
- included churches, cultural sites, jewellery and books. They even invaded people’s homes to seize possessions

Question 13

what did jiang quing urge the red guards to do and who did it affect

Answer 13

• Jiang Qing urged Red Guards to attack what she called ‘black dogs, slippery backsliders and rotten eggs’ within the CCP.
• Lin Shaoqi was the main target.
  accused of being ‘No. 1 enemy of Communism’. physically attacked and forced to write his own confession. He died in 1969 after being refused medical treatment for diabetes.

Question 14

what things did the red guard do

Answer 14

-went on a rampage.
-Children denounced their own parents as anti-Communist.
-Schools closed and many teachers were beaten and abused. -over 400,00 killed
-shaved off the hair of girls with Western haircuts and ripped off Western-style clothes
-Smashed windows of shops selling Western merchandise.
-Burnt bookstores, libraries and closed museums, art galleries, churches, temples and theatres.
-Stopped couples from holding hands.
- British Embassy in Beijing was stormed

Question 15

what was the cult of Mao

Answer 15

• developed furing the cultural rev
  -Mao was worshipped as a god
  -He was seen as the hero that saved China from foreign domination

Question 16

how did the cult of mao develop

Answer 16

• propaganda campaign, most successful with the young.
  -‘little red book’
• collection of Mao’s well-known sayings
• believed to have almost religious power
  -Every Red Guard had one
  -740 million copies were
  printed between 1966-1969.
• Statues and portraits of Mao were put up everywhere.
  -Mao souvenirs became a huge business

Question 17

what happened by 1967 to the cultural revolution

Answer 17

was spinning out of control
-The Red Guards began to divide into rival factions.
-Mao attempted to restore order.

Question 18

how did Mao restore order of the cultural revolution

Answer 18

• the PLA under Lin Biao
  was used to restore order.
  -Mao then sent the Red Guards to the countryside to ‘re-educate’ themselves by learning from the peasants.
  -‘up to the mountains and down to the villages campaign.’
  -By 1969 law and order had been restored in most areas.
  -Mao once again had supreme control over China
  -2-7 million people had been killed.

Question 19

effects of the cultural revolution (political)

Answer 19

• Mao became more powerful. (Mao’s opponents had been removed and he was the unchallenged leader)
  -remained suspicious, and
  his paranoia increased.
• Lin Biao’s power increased and Mao became suspicious that he was planning to overthrow him.
  -He died in a plane crash trying to escape China. It is thought because of lack of fuel.

Question 20

economic effects of the cultural revolution

Answer 20

-Industry was affected more than agriculture
-but grain production did fall, and rationing was introduced
-Managers of factories who were considered disloyal to communism were replaced by unskilled people.
- Mao gave power to the workers. -shortage of trains to move raw materials to factories or to market because the Red Guards (who travelled for free) were using them.

Question 21

how much did industrial production fall by after the cultural revolution

Answer 21

13% between 1966 and 1970.

Question 22

how was education affected by the cultural revolution

Answer 22

-Seriously disrupted
-Schools were closed 1966-70
- In 1982 a census revealed only a third of the population had attended school up to age 12.
- 1% had a degree.

Question 23

how was family affected by the cultural revolution

Answer 23

Weakened because children were told to report their parents. Family was criticised as one of the ‘4 Olds’.

Question 24

how was healthcare affected by the cultural revolution

Answer 24

• Mao suspicious of Doctors so they cancelled operations and tried to show solidarity with hospital workers by sweeping floors.
  -Rapid training of
  ‘Barefoot Doctors’ in the countryside provided much needed healthcare for peasants.

Question 25

How was religion affected by the cultural revolution

Answer 25

-All public worship forbidden.
-Priests were rounded up and sent to Laogai.
-difficult to wipe out centuries of belief in Confucianism.

Question 26

how was culture affected by the cultural revolution

Answer 26

• Jiang Qing (Madame Mao) basically ruined culture.
• People too scared to be creative so there was nothing of artistic value.
  -Strict censorship also
  meant no traditional Chinese culture.

Question 27

what were the 3 main power groupings after the cultural revolution (after Mao)

Answer 27

-Lin Biao and the PLA
-Zhou Enlai and the government
-Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four

Question 28

What happened to Lin Biao after the cultural revolution

Answer 28

-In 1969, Lin Biao named second-in-command.
-However, began to doubt Mao whilst Mao feared that Lin might try to oust him as leader.
-1971, Lin drew up a plan to overthrow Mao , code-named ‘Project 571’.
-The plot was discovered and Lin tried to escape but his plane ‘crashed’ in the Mongolian desert

Question 29

what happened after the death of Lin Biao

Answer 29

two political groupings fighting for control of the Communist Party and the government of China

Question 30

who made up the left side

Answer 30

• led by Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing and three radical politicians from Shanghai known as the Gang of Four.
  -The other three were Zhang
  Chunquiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen.
• Supported by Communist Youth League AND had control of the press and radio.
• followed Mao Zedong Thought and wanted to continue the power struggle between the social classes

Question 31

who made up the right

Answer 31

• led by Prime Minister Zhou Enlai AND Deputy Prime Minister, Deng Xiaoping who had been brought back into power.
  -Supported by the CCP and the PLA.
  -wanted an end to political arguments and struggles.
  -Wanted reform and modernisation.

Question 32

what happened after Zhou Enlai´s death

Answer 32

-died January 1976 and was succeeded by Deng Xiaoping.
- had been a popular leader – thousands went to his funeral to lay wreaths and put up posters criticising Jiang Qing and Mao.
-April 1976 visitors to the square found that the wreaths had been removed.
-10,000 people rioted to show their support for Zhou and Deng, followed by 200 + arrests.
- Jiang Qing and the Left blamed the riots on Deng and persuaded Mao to remove him from his posts in April 1976

Question 33

what happened for the Gof4 after deng was removed from his post

Answer 33

• they would now become Mao’s successor but instead Mao randomly promoted Hua Guofeng (an unknown politican) to be his succesor
• Hua had more support than the Gof4 did.
  -Jiang Qing in particular was very unpopular with the majority of the Politburo.
  -This meant the Gof4 had a new rival for power.
  -Even when Mao died in September 1976, the Gang of Four believed they would take power.

Question 34

what happened to the Gof4

Answer 34

• tricked by the politburo
• the members were invited by
  Hua to an ‘urgent’ Politburo meeting to discuss Mao’s memorial arrangements.
  -They were given different times and when they arrived they were arrested
• newspapers and radio stations were seized; key universities, where the four had influence, were surrounded by troops

Question 35

what year were the Gof4 put on trial and what were they accused of

Answer 35

• put on trial in the Winter of 1980-81.
• They were accused of
• Planning to overthrow the communist state
  -Trying to use the Red Guard to remove Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi in 1966
• Punishing and torturing opponents.
  -The trial was televised across the world
• Jiang Qing’s behaviour created a lot of interest. She accused the judges of being revisionist spies!
• All four were found guilty. Jiang and Zhang were given death sentences but these were later reduced to life imprisonment

Question 36

what were Deng´s main concerns and why

Answer 36

• to improve and modernise the Chinese economy
• Many machines were old-fashioned and factories were inefficient, running at a loss.
  -Co-operative farms were failing to produce enough food.
  -1982 China had to import 13.7 million tons of grain.
  -poverty was made worse by serious droughts and floods in 1980-1981.

Question 37

what was the way to solve den´s concerns

Answer 37

The way to solve these problems was to therefore increase output in industry and agriculture

Question 38

what where the main problems in china in the 80´s that deng had to fix (agriculture)

Answer 38

-Production did not meet needs
- Communes meant farmers had no incentive to produce more, Still used traditional farming methods.

Question 39

what were communes replaced by

Answer 39

replaced by the Xiang (the original village)

Question 40

what system did Deng introduce (agricultural reform)

Answer 40

Deng introduced the Household Responsibility System.

Question 41

how was land distributed by Deng

Answer 41

• no private ownership of land but each farming household received a plot of land which they could use as they wanted
• In exchange for using the land for a period of 15 years a quota of produce would go to the state
  -They could choose which crops they grew rather than being told
  -The farming households had control over their labour and could distribute this labour however they wished
  -All extra produce could be sold for profit by the farmers

Question 42

what was the outcome of Deng´s land reforms (agriculture)

Answer 42

• The Household Responsibility System was very successful, by 1984 98% of households where involved in the system
  -Agricultural improvements lead to increased productivity and China became the largest agricultural producer in the world
  -Due to this increased productivity, factories were built and the communes saw the revival of local crafts
• Farmers could even leave their family plots and work locally in the factories

Question 43

what year was the 10 year plan introduced

Answer 43

1979

Question 44

what were SOE´s

Answer 44

state owned enterprises (Deng kept them)

Question 45

what were managers told to do (10 year plan)

Answer 45

• told to run factories profitably and to produce what people wanted to buy rather than being told what to produce. ·
  -could also introduce incentives for workers going above their targets

Question 46

what were the town and village enterprises (TVE)

Answer 46

Small businesses were established in the countryside

Question 46

what were foreigners encouraged to do (10 year plan)

Answer 46

• encouraged to visit China and invest money in industry, even from the USA. ·
• Deng adopted an open door policy for trade.

Question 47

what were special economic zones

Answer 47

These areas provided cheap land and local labour to Western firms. Western firms were then encouraged to hire Chinese workers and use Chinese raw materials.

Question 48

negative effects of Den´s industrial reforms

Answer 48

• A TV cost two years’ wages and a bicycle a month’s pay in the mid 1980s. ·
  -Unemployment still stood at 12% in 1983. ·
  -Big inequalities in wealth and wages. ·
• Modernisation brought Western-style problems such as rising crime and even football hooliganism. ·
• Complaints were raised that the younger generations were getting Western hairstyles and clothes and were obsessed with making money.

Question 48

positive effects of deng´s industrial reforms

Answer 48

• Because of the SEZs China’s export trade had grown by 500% by 1990. ·
• Record number of consumer goods were produced such as bicycles, watches and sewing machines. ·
• By 1990 TVEs employed 100 million people.

Question 49

why was education a priority for deng

Answer 49

Developing a highly educated workforce was a priority for Deng’s modernisation programme

Question 50

why did education need to be reformed

Answer 50

·- The Cultural Revolution meant that by 1979 less than 6% had been educated to degree level.
- Industrial progress required technical expertise
- Deng wanted to train a million technical students to modernise industrial processes.

Question 51

how did Deng reform education

Answer 51

• Examinations for University entry were restored.
• Private universities were allowed.
• Research institutes reopened.
• Students encouraged to travel to the West for university education.

Question 52

what ear was the one child policy introduced

Answer 52

1979

Question 53

why was the one child policy introduced

Answer 53

• By 1979 China’s population was 974 million.
• was estimated that by 2000, China’s population would be 1.282 billion.
• concerns about feeding and providing resources for the whole population.

Question 54

what was the one child policy

Answer 54

• Minimum age for marriage – 20 for women, 22 for men
• Couples had to get a permit to give birth.
• financial penalties for having more than one child.
• The state could order late term abortions and sterilisations for women who already had one child.
• There were cash bonuses and extra rations for couples who only had one child.
• They were also given better treatment in health care.

Question 55

effects of the one child policy

Answer 55

• was effective in towns where it was easier to police but was difficult to enforce in the countryside. ·
• Initially peasants were allowed to have 2 children if they were 5 years apart. ·
• The birth rate did slow down
  -It encouraged late and compulsory abortion. ·
• increase in female infanticide which led to a gender imbalance (114 boys born to 100 girls). ·
• Mental health issues in boys.

Question 56

what were the four cardinal principles

Answer 56

• The CCP would keep a leading role
• Rejection of multi-party system
• No free elections
• No freedom of speech

Question 57

what was den´s opinion when it came to political reform

Answer 57

• Although he was willing to adopt capitalist principles in the economy, he was a hard line communist in his approach to political change.
• He was influenced by what he
  called the ‘four cardinal principles’.

Question 58

why were the students upset

Answer 58

• unhappy ab the lack of democracy as they assumed
  that Deng would introduce it when he became leader.
• people who had suffered severely during the Cultural Revolution but who
  had not really benefited from Deng’s new policies.

Question 59

how did Wei Jingsheng influence the democracy movement

Answer 59

• published an article which made a strong attack on Deng. He accused the government of acting like the Qing Dynasty.
  -His criticisms were pinned to the Democracy Wall.
  -This shocked Deng.

Question 60

who was Wei Jingsheng

Answer 60

former red guard

Question 61

how did Deng react , and what did the reaction cause

Answer 61

• In the summer of 1979 authorities cracked down on posters.
  -Wei arrested and brought to trial. - He was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment.
• Wei inspired other activists to call for democracy.
• He was regarded as the first martyr of the ‘democracy movement’.

Question 62

what was the ´democracy movement´

Answer 62

It was never an organised party, but it represented those intellectuals who wanted political reforms to match Deng’s economic reforms.

Question 63

effect of the democracy movement

Answer 63

It was from this Democracy Movement that more widespread demonstrations by Chinese students emerged in 1986

Question 64

why did the student protests in 1986 start

Answer 64

anger at:
- Poor conditions in which students lived
-High rents and prices caused by Deng’s economic reforms
- Poor job prospects
- Corruption in the CCP because they hired family/friends instead of people on merit
- Controls on what they could study and which books they could read

Question 65

how did Deng react to the student protests

Answer 65

• Hu Yaobang showed sympathy for the students by criticising the slow pace of change. , he was sacked
• Deng then ordered the arrest of the student leaders and tightened censorship.
• Deng announced that China did not need democracy because the people had an enlightened government to rule for them.
• This tough approach ended the 1986 protests but created resentment.
• This led to protests once again in 1989.

Question 66

why were the protests in 1989 started (initially)

Answer 66

• started by the death of Hu Yaobang from a heart attack.
• Students liked Hu because he had appeared to support them in 1986, was one of the
  first Chinese officials to abandon Mao suits in favour of Western business suits
• Students gathered in large numbers in Tiananmen Square to express their sadness

Question 67

why did the number of protests grow

Answer 67

• 3 Students tried to give a petition to the Premier Li Peng asking for greater freedoms.
• Li refused to accept the petition which sparked off a series of sit-ins and boycotts of university classes.

Question 68

students from how many universities joined their fellow members in Tiananmen square

Answer 68

Students from 40 universities

Question 69

how many students were there in the end

Answer 69

Numbers rose to over 100,000 students

Question 70

how did transport workers show their support

Answer 70

Transport workers showed their support by allowing the students to travel free to Beijing.

Question 71

what happened by the second week of may and how did the gov react

Answer 71

• a group of 300 students had gone on hunger strike
• The government made contact urging them to call it off
• They refused because they
  were achieving world wide publicity with camera crews and journalists from every continent reporting event

Question 72

why could Deng not react

Answer 72

-Gorbachev was due to visit Beijing.
-He was very popular because of his reforms in the Soviet Union.
- Students were convinced that the authorities would not dare crush the demonstrations during his visit.
- Deng was determined to take action but had to wait until Gorbachev left to do so

Question 73

how did the protests develop

Answer 73

• by the time deng waited to react lots of others (non students) had joined the protests.
• They shouted, ‘We want Democracy’, ‘We want Deng to go’
• blocked the road and prevented the troops getting to Tiananmen Square.
• This delayed the government but made Deng more determined to restore order.

Question 74

how many PLA soldiers surrounded Tiananmen square

Answer 74

350,000 PLA soldiers surrounded
Tiananmen Square and controlled the routes leading to it.

Question 75

how did the protest become violent

Answer 75

• The PLA were told to ‘reclaim the
  Square at all costs’.
• Troops and tanks moved in on the Square.
  -At 10pm the first shots were fired at protesters.
  -By midday on the 4th, the occupation was over.
• Students were marched away and imprisoned.
• Unknown number of casualties – certainly in the thousands.
  -The government imposed a news blackout.

Question 76

why did Deng want a violent end to the protest

Answer 76

• The use of violence was to show the Chinese people the determination of the government not to tolerate opposition and to end once and for all the calls for political reform.
• The demonstration marked the end of the Democracy Movement. - Deng claimed that it was a
  legitimate attack on ‘counter revolutionaries’