China II Flashcards
Rise of Japan
Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1868): isolationism
1850s: trade concessions imposed by US
Meiji restoration (1867): modernisation and free trade
Sino-Japanese war (1895): gains Taiwan and Liaodong
Partition of China
European jealousy: demanded that Japan return Liaodong
Russia and Germany receive concessions: russian railway and German Qingdao (1897)
Britain, France and Japan would then demand concessions
100 days reform
1898: a series of political/social reforms with the intention of westernising and modernising china
Dowager Cixi
Most important figure in chinese imperial court: mother of previous emperor & aunt of current
Opposed reforms and supported boxer insurrection
Boxer insurrection
1898-1900
Started in Shandong as an anti-missionary protest
Became a generally anti-west protest
8 week seige of foreign embassies
Defeated by a coalition of foreign nations in 1900
Boxer insurrection: results
Russia and Japan advocated for complete colonisation of China, others opposed
Dowager instates reforms that contradicted her previous views Westernised education
1905: constitution and parliament
Dissolution of empire in 1912
Warlord period
1916-28
Yuan Shikai: officer became the leader (1912-16)
Would then fall into chaos: many factions led by warlords
Kwo Min Tang
1925: split into nationalist party led by Chiang Kai Shek and communist party led by Mao Zedong
WWI
Contributed to WWI w soldiers and labour
Present at convention of versailles, but didnt gain anything (but japan was given shandong)
Treaty of washington
1922
Cause: anti-west protests
Results: recognition of chinese sovereignty, shandong returned from japan, gradual withdrawal of european powers
Decolonisation
1930: power to control its own tariffs
1943: abolishment of last unequal treaty
Hong Kong and Macau returned in 97 and 99
Japanese re-invasion
Manchuria in 1931 and Nanjing in 37
