Chimia Materiei Vii Flashcards
Ce reprezintă celula?
Cea mai simplă formă de organizare a materiei vii.
Ce studiază biochimia?
Compoziția chimică a materiei, procesele chimice din organismele vii, relațiile între structură, metabolism și funcție.
Care sunt cele trei ramuri ale biochimiei?
- Biochimia descriptivă
- Biochimia dinamică
- Biochimia funcțională
Ce tipuri de elemente chimice se întâlnesc în organismele vii?
- Elemente plastice (macroelemente)
- Microelemente
Cat reprezintă macroelementele în structura materiei vii?
99,7% din structura materiei vii.
Care sunt macroelementele celulare?
- C
- O
- H
- N
- S
- P
- Cl
- Na
- K
- Ca
- Mg
Care este masa atomică a elementelor chimice întâlnite în materia vie?
Mică (H, C, N, O).
Ce rol are carbonul în structura biomoleculelor organice?
Formează legături chimice specifice cu diferiți radicali.
Ce tipuri de structuri chimice poate forma carbonul?
- Structuri chimice liniare
- Structuri chimice ciclice
Ce se eliberează atunci când legăturile chimice formate de carbon sunt utilizate?
Cantități mari de energie.
Biochimia dinamică se ocupă cu studiul _______.
[proceselor chimice care se desfășoară în organismele vii]
Aproximativ _______% din structura materiei vii este constituită din macroelemente.
[99,7]
What is the role of carbon in living organisms?
Carbon is preponderant in the structure of living organisms and can form covalent bonds with other elements.
Which elements are essential for the formation of amino acids and proteins?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N).
What is the significance of oxygen (O2) for living organisms?
Oxygen is necessary for the functioning of the organism.
Name the elements that are found in smaller quantities but are important for biomolecules.
- Calcium (Ca)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Sulfur (S)
- Phosphorus (P)
What are the principal electrolytes in the human body?
- Sodium (Na)
- Potassium (K)
- Chlorine (Cl)
What roles do calcium and phosphorus play in the human body?
They have a structural role in bones and teeth.
True or False: Trace elements participate in metabolic processes in extremely high concentrations.
False.
What are oligoelements and their typical concentration in the human body?
Oligoelements are found in extremely small quantities, under 0.01%.
List some examples of oligoelements found in the human body.
- Fluorine (F)
- Bromine (Br)
- Iodine (I)
- Boron (B)
- Iron (Fe)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Copper (Cu)
- Cobalt (Co)
- Molybdenum (Mo)
- Vanadium (V)
- Manganese (Mn)
What is the effect of the deficiency of microelements in the human body?
It can lead to various disorders and physiological disturbances.
Fill in the blank: Water is a _______ substance for living organisms.
[structural]
What percentage of the human body is typically composed of water?
Generally between 60%.
Name the two origins of water in the human body.
- Exogenous
- Endogenous
What is the main role of water in metabolic activity?
It participates in the metabolic activity of the cell.
True or False: Water has a high caloric capacity.
True.
What are the structural roles of water in the cell?
- Participates in cellular structures
- Affects the activity of biomolecules.
What is the role of oxygen (O2) in biological systems?
Oxygen is necessary for various biochemical processes and is involved in the structure of biomolecules.
What are the two compartments of water distribution in the human body?
- Intracellular compartment (50-55%)
- Extracellular compartment (45%)
What is the percentage of water in the human body?
Water constitutes generally between 60% and 70% of the body mass.
What are the sources of water in the human body?
- Exogenous (from diet)
- Endogenous (from oxidation reactions within cells)
True or False: Water is the most important liquid for the emergence and maintenance of life.
True
What are the physical-chemical properties of water that are conducive to life?
- High caloric capacity
- Almost constant specific heat between +27°C and +40°C
- Easily forms hydrogen bonds
- Easily dissociates into hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions
Fill in the blank: Water participates in the ________ of the cell and in the formation of cellular colloids.
[constitution]
What is the role of water in biological systems?
- Structural role in cell constitution
- Participates in metabolic activity
- Forms hydrogen bonds
- Determines the activity of intracellular structures
What is the significance of water surpassing other constituents in living organisms?
Water is the principal constituent in terms of quantity, essential for biological organization and metabolic activities.
What happens to excess water in the human body?
It is eliminated through various pathways such as urine, feces, and sweat.
List the chemical elements that have important roles in biological systems.
- Sodium
- Chlorine
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Iron
- Copper
- Cobalt
What is the role of biomolecules in the human body?
They are essential for various physiological functions and processes.
What is the importance of water in metabolic processes?
Water helps maintain a constant temperature which is crucial for metabolic activities.
What is the primary role of water in the intracellular structures?
Water acts as a fundamental component in forming intracellular structures.
