Children with Physical Impairments due to CND

Question 1

What are 3 important examples of central neurological disorders in children?

Answer 1

Cerebral Palsy
Spina Bifida
DCD (developmental coordination disorder)

Question 2

How is disorder, impairment, and handicap classified by the ICF (international classification of functioning, disability and health)?

Answer 2

Disorder is impaired structure and function
Impairment is about the inability to perform ADL
Handicap refers to trouble with participation/social interaction

Question 3

What is development? are are the 3 areas of development? these levels can be ____ but not ____

Answer 3

The process of growth, change (and consistency) put into motion by the interaction between heredity and environment

1. Motor development (movement)
2. Cognitive development (thoughts, language, attention, memory)
3. Social- emotional development

Distinguished but not seperated

Question 4

What is social-emotional development?

Answer 4

Development in the way the child reacts to the social environment and how he/she experiences his/her own position in that self-image is important

Question 5

What is important to have for social-emotional development?

Answer 5

A positive self image

Question 6

what does the child need for a positive self-image?

Answer 6

1. Effectiveness (control)
2. Recognition (appreciation, love)
3. Autonomy (ability to make decisions independently)

Question 7

What are the Cognitive developmental tasks for children of 0-4 years of age?

Answer 7

Cognitive:
Object permanence = Object exists even when it is out of sight
operational causality= Actions have consequences
Pretend game
task focus= eye contact, completing a task, concentrating on an assignment

Question 8

What are the motor and social-emotional developmental tasks for 0-4 year olds?

Answer 8

Motor:
Reaching, grasping, letting go, balance, movement in space (crawling + walking)
Social-emotional:
From attachment to parent figure to focusing on other adults, contemporaries and then autonomy (choosing his/her own friends)

Question 9

What are some additional developmental problems common in 0-4 year old’s with motor disorders?

Answer 9

General mental retardation (94%)
lag in understanding and using language (75%)
Epilepsy (20%)
Behavioral problems- for instance problems with attachment (16%)

Question 10

Why is there still a risk for cognitive and social-emotional impairment in a child who only has a physical impairment?

Answer 10

Because there are fewer motor possibilities for the child to learn from his/her experiences and environment

Question 11

What are the consequences for the family of a child who is 0-4 years of age with CND?

Answer 11

1. Pedagogic vacuum = parents cannot rely on their own experiences of upbringing of those of others which may result in action-shyness (not knowing how to raise the child)
2. Problems in parent-child interaction
3. Load for the family

Question 12

What are the motor, cognitive, and social -emotional developmental tasks for children aged 4-6?

Answer 12

Motor:
Gross motor skills (running, hopping cycling) and fine motor skills (drawing, gluing, tying shoelaces)
Cognitive:
Conditions for learning and remembering terminology (big, small. behind, in front)
Social-emotional:
Contact with contemporaries (other kids), social comparison (realization of a self-image)

Question 13

What are the possible developmental problems in children 4-6 years of age ?

Answer 13

1. Learned helplessness = acquired helplessness, external locus of control, few problem solving-skills, CHILD IS EXTREMELY DEPENDENT
2. Negative self-image due to having fewer motor skills than contemporaries
   and from prolonged care from the parents

Question 14

What are the developmental tasks for children aged 6-12? (motor, cognitive, social-emtional)

Answer 14

Motor:
refining (fine-tuning) existing skills learning new more complex motor skills like skating
Cognitive:
Educational skills (reading, writing, calculating, general development)
Social-emotional:
Awareness of social norm, orientation on age group, friendships, development of own identity

Question 15

What are the possible developmental problems in children 6-12 years of age?

Answer 15

1. Difficulty with automatizing educational skills like reading and writing
2. Negative fear of failure when other children surpass the handicapped child which hinders the child in taking on challenges
3. Social isolation

Question 16

What are developmental tasks for adolescents aged 12-21?

Answer 16

making choices and experimenting with:

• Relationship with parents
• friendships, intimate relations
• school, profession, leisure time
• forming of personality

Question 17

What are the possible developmental problems in adolescents 12-21 years of age?

Answer 17

Emotional processing of handicap

Experimenting with choices in life areas is more difficult due to physical impairment and possible cognitive/social emotional problems

Question 18

What are the 3 factors for adjustment or processing to/of developmental tasks?

Answer 18

1. Cognitive level= A higher level doesn’t make it easier
2. Nature and severity= the more severe the more difficulties
3. Congenital or acquired= If the disorder is congenital it usually means less problems (because the child has no comparison or experience of what its like to be normal)