Children's Health and Health Promotion Flashcards
What is health affected by?
- Genetics
- Access
- Environment
- Life-style
What are the theories of health promotion?
- educational
- socioeconomic
- psychological
Define Health promotion
Any planned activity designed to enhance or prevent disease
Define Health Education
Communication aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours
Define Health protection
activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual. Health protection activities tend to be regulations or policies
Define empowerment
power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situation nor act on basis of their choices
What are the benefits of empowerment
- Ability to resist social pressure
- Ability to utilise effective coping strategies when faced by an unhealthy environment
- Heightened consciousness of action
Examples of PLANNED health promotion in primary care
posters
chronic disease clinics
vaccinations
Examples of OPPORTUNISTIC health promotion in primary care
advice within surgery
smoking, diet
taking BP
Examples of LEGISLATED health promotion in the government
legal age limits smoking ban health and safety clean air act highway code
What are the types of health promotion provided in primary care?
Planned
Opportunistic
What are the types of health promotion provided in the government
legislation
economic
education
Examples of ECONOMICAL health promotion within the government
tax on cigarettes and alcohol and sugar
Examples of EDUCATIONAL health promotion within the government
ask students to recall adverts they’ve seen
What does it mean by primary prevention measures in healthcare?
measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury, reduces probability and severity
Give some examples of primary prevention measures
smoking cessation
immunisation
What does it mean by secondary prevention measures in healthcare?
detection of a disease at preclinical stage to prevent further or lessen symptomatology
Give an example if a secondary prevention measure
screening
What criteria is used for screening?
Wilsons criteria
What are the areas involved in the Wilsons criteria for screening?
and what should they be?
- Illness/Disease: should be IMPORTANT, natural history understood, pre-symptomatic range
- Test: Should be easy, acceptable, cost effective, sensitive and specific
Treatment: should be, acceptable, cost effective and better if early
What does it mean by TERTIARY prevention?
Measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease e.g. OA –> OT, physio etc
What early effects can impact on lifelong health?
- establishing a healthy lifestyle as growth and development fuelled by food
- Role of parenting has an impact on habits and lifestyle established in adolescence
What are the most common conditions GPs see in children? (10)
- Feeding difficulties (new babies especially
- coughs/colds
- Sore throat
- URTI
- Otalgia
- Pyrexia
- Rashes
- Vomiting +/- diarrhoea
- Abdo apin
- Behavioural problems /older children)
How should a doctor act in a child-adult consultation (7)
- Listening
- Watching
- Observing
- Examining properly
- putting child at ease as well as parent//guardian
- Parental understanding
- Explain in a clear language
Why might a parent bring a healthy child into GP with child not being clinically unwell? (9)
- Someone else urging them to act
- Anxiety regarding normal illness
- Inexperience
- Single parent with no support
- Parenting difficulty manifesting as child illness
- Parent depression/ anxiety
- Social issues
- Child presenting them with difficult symptoms to interpret
- Child abuse by partner
What measures can a GP take to be sure what is happening with a child? (10)
- Listen and observe
- Read the notes of child and parent/s
- Examine properly
- Explain clearly what you are thinking/ doing
- Discuss with other helath professionals
- Review
- ‘open door’ policy
- reassure appropriately
- investigate properly
- refer appropriately
How might a GP manage an overly anxious parent/ guardian? (10)
- Listening
- Examining
- ICE
- Building a rapport
- Explaining properly along the way (what you are thinking and doing)
- Consensus
- Allowing parents/ guardians to ask questions
- Offering second opinion
- No dogma
- Facilitating a return visit
What are the health aspects to consider in an adolescent? (5)
- Diet
- Exercise
- Sleep
- Screen time
- Social issues; school, friends, drugs and alcohol, sex
Give some examples of types of screening
- CF
- Bowel cancer
- Breast cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Antenatal screening
- Hearing screening in infants
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm in men over 65
- Diabetic retinopathy
Give some examples of antenatal and Newborn tests
- Foetal anomaly USS
- Down’s
- Infectious disease in pregnancy - CF (heel prick test)
- Sickle cell test
Give some examples of ways in which health education can be implemented
- Statistical posters and leaflets informing about illness
Give some examples of Health promotion
- Advertisement about benefits of a healthy lifestyle
- Pictures of persuasion e.g. smoking kills pictures
Give some examples of Health protection can be implemented
- SNP council house motion
- Laws around smoking packages
- Food labelling
- Health and safety
- Alcohol taxing
- Sick notes
- Power of attorney
What are the roles of a Health visitor
- Look at healthy diet
- Promotes immunisation programme
- Maternal mental health
- Assessing safe home environment
- Promotes activity in children
- Overall health promotion in children and mothers
What ages does the health visitor visit
0-5
What is meant by primary prevention?
measures taken to prevent onset of illness and injury and reduces probability and severity of an illness (before onset of symptoms etc)
What is meant by secondary prevention?
detection of disease at early enough (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent or less symptomatology e.g. screening
What is meant by tertiary prevention?
measures to limit distress and disability; patient too far along in disease which cannot be prevented or stopped ultimately
What are the three theories in health promotion?
Educational
Socioeconomic
Psychological
Theories in health promotion: education
provides knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to rate informed choices about health
e.g. one-to-one group workshops for smoking, diet, diabetes.
It’s an activity involving communication with individuals/ groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour
Theories in health promotion: socioeconomic
aims to make healthy choices the easier choice, e.g. national policies (re. unemployment
Theories in health promotion: psychological
complex relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs.
Activities start from an individual attitude to health and readiness to change;
Describe the cycle of change model. Use smoking as an example
- Precontemplation (smokes regularly)
- Contemplation (considers giving up smoking)
- Ready for action (definitive plan)
- ACTION (actively not smoking)
- Maintenance (non-smoker) which can split into:
• Regression (starts smoking again)
OR
• Maintaining healthier lifestyle
