Children and Adolescents Flashcards
the head grows proportionately to body size, reaching 90% of its full size at what age
6 years
children remain farsighted until what ages
6-7 years
Children have 20 deciduous teeth, which are lost between the
what ages
6 and 12 years
thelarche may occur and
breasts continue to develop in stages at what ages
8-13 years
the apical pulse reaches the fifth intercostal space and the mid-clavicular line by the time of what age
7 years
A third heart sound (S3) may
be heard at the apex in children
Is this normal?
Yes
Prepubertal:
Elevation of nipple
only
what stage
stage 1
Breast bud stage;
elevation of breast
and nipple as small
mound, enlargement
of areolar diameter
what stage
stage 2
Enlargement of the
breasts and areola
with no separation
of contours
what stage
stage 3
Projection of areola
and nipple to form
secondary mound
above level of
breast
what stage
stage 4
Adult configuration;
projection of nipple
only, areola receded
into contour of
breast
what stage
stage 5
Male genitalia generally develop over a __ to __ year period, beginning from preadolescence to adulthood
2 to 5
Bone growth occurs in two dimensions
what are they
diameter and length
The anterior curve in the lumbar region of the vertebral
column develops between ages __ and __ months
12 and 18
growth is considerable during the adolescent growth spurt,
which usually peaks at __ years in girls and __ years in boys
12; girls
14; boys
Genitalia: Prepubertal
Pubic Hair: Prepubertal: No pubic hair; fine
vellus hair
what stage
stage 1
Genitalia: Initial enlargement of scrotum and testes
with rugation and reddening of the scrotum
Pubic Hair: Sparse, long, straight, downy hair
what stage
stage 2
Genitalia: Elongation of the penis;
testes and scrotum further enlarge
Pubic Hair: Darker, coarser, curly;
sparse over entire pubis
what stage
stage 3
Genitalia: Increase in size and width of penis and
the development of the glans; scrotum darkens
Pubic Hair: Dark, curly, and abundant in pubic area;
no growth on thighs or up toward umbilicus
what stage
stage 4
Genitalia: Adult configuration
Pubic Hair: Adult pattern (growth up toward
umbilicus may not be seen); growth continues
until mid-20s
what stage
stage 5
Prepubertal: No pubic hair; fine vellus hair
what stage
stage 1
Sparse, long, straight, downy hair
what stage
stage 2
Darker, coarser, curly; sparse over mons pubis
what stage
stage 3
Dark, curly, and abundant on mons pubis;
no growth on medial thighs
what stage
stage 4
Adult pattern of inverse triangle; growth on
medial thighs
what stage
stage 5
Toddler’s attention span ranges
between __ and __ minutes
5 and 10
preschooler’s attention span ranges between __ and __ minutes
10 and 15
school-age child’s attention span ranges between __ and __ minutes
30 and 45
Loud noises; falling and sudden movements in the environment; stranger anxiety
who do these fears belong to
Infants
Loss of parents—separation anxiety; stranger anxiety; loud noises; going to sleep; large animals; certain people (doctor, Santa Claus); certain places (doctor’s office); large objects or machines
who do these fears belong to
Toddlers
The dark; being left alone, especially at bedtime; animals (particularly large dogs); ghosts and other supernatural beings; body mutilation; pain; objects and people associated with painful experiences
who does these fears belong to
Preschoolers
Failure at school; bullies; intimidating teachers; supernatural beings; storms; staying alone; scary things in TV and movies; consequences related to
unattractive appearance; death
who do these fears belong to
Schoolagers
Relationships with people of the opposite sex; homosexual tendencies; ability to assume adult roles; drugs; AIDS; divorce; gossip; public speaking; plane and car crashes; death
who do these fears belong to
Adolescents
Restlessness, rocking, playing with toys, crying, thumb sucking, sleeping
coping mechanisms for who
Infants
Asking questions, wanting order, holding favorite toy, learning by trial and error, tantrums, aggression, thumb sucking, withdrawal, regression
coping mechanisms for who
Toddler/Preschoolers
Trying problem solving; communicating, fantasizing, acting out situations, quiet, denial, regression, reaction formation
coping mechanisms for who
Schoolagers
Problem solving, philosophical discussions, conforming with peers, asserting control, acting out, using drugs/alcohol, denial, projection, rationalization, intellectualization
coping mechanisms for who
Adolescents
Physical assessment approach for toddlers
Allow toddler to sit on parent’s lap; enlist parent’s aid; use play;
praise cooperation
Physical assessment approach for preschoolers
Use story telling; use doll and puppet play; give choices when able
Physical assessment approach for schoolagers
Maintain privacy; use gown; explain procedures and equipment; teach about their bodies
Physical assessment approach for adolescents
Ensure privacy and confidentiality; provide option of having parent present or not; emphasize normality; provide health teaching
For a toddler, what position do lay them in to take rectal temp
supine and lift lower legs up
average pulse rate for children 3 mo-2 y
80-150
average pulse rate for children 2-10 y
70-110
average pulse rate of children 10 y-adult
55-90
normal ranges of respiratory rate for children 6 mo-2 y
20-30
normal ranges of respiratory rate for children 3-10 y
20-28
normal ranges of respiratory rate for children 10-18 y
12-20
This birthmark consisting of capillaries is dark red or bluish
and darkens with exertion or temperature exposure. It
appears as a large, irregular, macular patch on the scalp or
face. Unlike a hemangioma, this birthmark does not fade with
time
Port-Wine Stain
This birthmark is a light brown, round or oval patch. If there
are more than six separate, large (⬎1.5 cm) patches, an
inherited neurocutaneous disease may be present
Café au Lait Spot
This skin variation is caused by an increased amount of
blood vessels in the dermis
Hemangioma
Tool that assists the nurse in noting the developmental milestones of the child at that particular age
Denver Developmental tool
Enlargement of breast tissue on boys
Gynecomastia
