Childhood Viruses

Question 1

What kind of virus is the Paramyxovirus?

Answer 1

Measles Virus. (-)RNA Virus with an envelope

Question 2

What kind of virus is the Togavirus?

Answer 2

German Measles. (+) RNA with an envelope

Question 3

What type of virus is the Parvovirus?

Answer 3

Erythema Infectosum. ssDNA virus without envelope

Question 4

Why is the MMR vaccine so effective?

Answer 4

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella each only have a single antigenic type and replicate systemically before invading organs, thus production of antibody prevents the disease from progressing into organs.

Question 5

What are characteristics of Measles?

Answer 5

Inoculates through the Respiratory Tract - Virema.
Symptoms:
Macularpapular Rash
Koplik Spots - prior to Rash
URI Symptoms - cough, conjunctivitis, and photophobia

Question 6

Where are measles particularly endemic?

Answer 6

Africa and Asia - patients can return from there and have acquired the infection, if they are not up to date on vaccinations.

Question 7

What are the clinical syndromes of Mumps?

Answer 7

Inoculated through the respiratory tract.

Typically Asymptomatic, but can cause swelling of various glands in the body, primarily Parotitis.

Question 8

What kind of immunity is most important with controlling Mumps?

Answer 8

Cell Mediated Immunity = CD8+

Question 9

What virus has the most detrimental effect on fetuses?

Answer 9

Rubella Virus - Can cause cataracts, ocular defects, deafness, failure to thrive, and increased mortality.

Question 10

What kind of virus is Rubella (German Measles)?

Answer 10

Togavirus

Question 11

When is it most important to protect a pregnant woman from infection with Rubella?

Answer 11

1st Trimester infection causes the most detrimental effects

Question 12

What are the common symptoms caused by Rubella in children (not neonates)?

Answer 12

Mild Diffuse Rash

Adults can have rash + joint pain and myalgias.

Question 13

What types of infection is most detrimental for individuals with sickle cell anemia?

Answer 13

Parvovirus

Question 14

What kind of cells do Parvovirus infect?

Answer 14

They invade actively dividing RBC progenitors, since the virus can only replicate in cells that are in the S-phase.

Question 15

What receptor is used by Parvovirus to invade the cells?

Answer 15

P-Antigen Blood Group

Question 16

What are the common symptoms of Parvovirus?

Answer 16

Nonspecific Viral Syndrome
“Lacey” Appearing Maculopapular Rash
Bright Red Cheeks
–Erythema Infectosum–

Question 17

How are the timing of the systems and disease progression?

Answer 17

The virus has already become systemic and is invading RBCs destroying them before the rash and erythema present.

Question 18

Can the virus be transferred to an unborn fetus? If so what are the effects?

Answer 18

The virus can be transferred to fetus and can cause primarily fetal death, but also CHF and generalized edema.

Question 19

What viruses are transmitted via respiratory tract?

Answer 19

Measles, Rubella, Mumps, and Parvovirus B19

Question 20

What viruses are transferred fecal-oral transmission?

Answer 20

Rotovirus - Reovirus, ddRNA - double capsid

Norovirus - Calici Virus, (+)RNA - Naked

Question 21

What is unique about the Rotovirus genome?

Answer 21

ddRNA, very error prone producing much diversity.

Can resort segments if there is a co-infection.

Question 22

What are the surface antigens of Rotavirus capsid that interact with immune system?

Answer 22

VP4/VP7

Question 23

How does Rotavirus cause diarrhea in infected individuals?

Answer 23

Rotavirus produces Nonstructure Protein-4, which works inside of the infected cell and can bind on surface receptor by causing increased Ca+2 levels in the cell, loosening tight junctions allowing fluids to be leaked into the lumen. Additionally can stimulate the enteric nervous system to induce Cl- release of other cells.

Question 24

What is the only virus to produce an endotoxin?

Answer 24

Rotavirus - Nonstructure Protein-4 (NSP4)

Question 25

What are the adverse considerations of the Rotavirus vaccine?

Answer 25

Possibility of intussuception
Strain can revert into a virulent strain
Vaccinated can shred virus and get virema, bad if siblings are immunosuppressed

Question 26

When are infections the most common?

Answer 26

Late Winter

Question 27

What virus is responsible for the most common cause of food bourne gastroenteritis?

Answer 27

Norovirus

Question 28

What is unique about the norovirus ability to infect?

Answer 28

Only requries a very small inoculation dose and the virus is very resistant to environment

Question 29

After you get norovirus do you develop immunity?

Answer 29

No long term immunity due to many strains and new ones constantly developing.

Question 30

What would be good targets for anti-virals of Norovirus?

Answer 30

The protease or polymerase on the nonstructural polypeptide

– Pol and Pro –

Question 31

What are significant pathologies causes by the major groups of Enteroviruses?

Answer 31

Fever
–Paralytic Disease
–Meningitis
Respiratory Tract Infection

Question 32

What kind of patient population most commonly gets meningitis from enterovirus?

Answer 32

Mostly under the age of 5 years old (Adults can still get it)
Most viral meningitis in summer time is caused by enterovirus

Question 33

What are the common strains of enteroviruses?

Answer 33

Poliovirus
Enteroviruses
- Coxsackie Virus
- Echovirus

Question 34

What is a common pathologies caused by Coxsackie Virus?

Answer 34

Herpangina
- lesions on the soft palate
Hand, Foot, Mouth Disease
- lesions on palms, oral pharynx, feet 
(common in Daycares)