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Micro/Immuno > Childhood Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Childhood Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the childhood viruses we need to know?

A

1) Measles Virus
2) Respiratory Syncytial Virus –> croup, bronchitis
3) Varicella Zoster Virus –> chickenpox
4) Rotavirus –> gastroenteritis
5) Poliovirus –> gastroenteritis

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2
Q

What is the biology of the Measles virus?

A
  • Paramyxovirus
  • Genome: (-)ssRNA
  • Virion: enveloped
  • Replication in the cell
  • Fusion protein causes syncytia formation
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3
Q

How are you infected with measles?

A

Inhalation of aerosolized droplets

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4
Q

What is the incubation period of measles? Where is the primary infection?

A

10-14 days, in the respiratory epithelial tissues (primary viremia)

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5
Q

When/where is the symptom onset of measles?

A
  • Coincides with 2nd round of virus replication.

- Occurs in LN, tonsils, lungs, GI tract, and spleen (secondary viremia)

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6
Q

How long after infection is the recovery from measles?

A

20 days

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7
Q

True or false: Measles is the most deadly of the childhood rash/fever illnesses.

A

True

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8
Q

Why does measles have a characteristic rash?

A

Because virus and immune response damages epithelial and endothelial cells (Koplik spots)

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9
Q

What are possible complications with measles?

A
  • Immune suppression, allows for opportunistic infections
  • Blindess in vitamin A deficient children
  • ADEM (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis) - rare demyelinating disease
  • SSPE (subacte sclerosing panencephalitis) - very rare, progressive neurological deterioration 7 to 10 years after infection
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10
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • 2-3 days= fever + cough, coryza, & conjunctivitis
  • 2-3 days after infection - Rash: Kopik spots - small bright red spots with bluish centers on buccal mucosa, pathognomic for measles
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11
Q

How is measles diagnosed?

A
  • Virus isolation in culture (very hard)
  • Serology
  • ELISA, RT-PCR
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12
Q

How is measles prevented?

A
  • Vaccination with live attenuated vaccine, is primary option, provides life-long immunity, is safe
  • Vitamin A can reduce severity
  • No antivirals
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13
Q

True or false: Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known.

A

True: Ro is 15 to 20 (cases from one illness in a naive population)

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14
Q

True or false: Humans are the only host for Measles.

A

True

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15
Q

What is Respiratory Syncytial Virus Biology?

A
  • Paramyxovirus
  • Genome: (-)ssRNA
  • Virion: enveloped
  • Replication in the cell
  • Infects ciliated cells in the rest. tract epithelium
  • Fusion protein causes syncytia formation
  • Virus buds from cellular surface
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16
Q

True or false: Respiratory Syncytial Virus is the most important agent of serious pediatric respiratory tract infections

A

True

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17
Q

How are you infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A

Inhalation of aerosolized droplets, fomites

18
Q

What is the incubation period of Respiratory Syncytial Virus? Where is the infection?

A

4-5 days, limited to respiratory tract

19
Q

What are the symptoms of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A
  • Lower respiratory tract symptoms 1 to 3 days after upper resp. tract symptoms.
  • Recovery 7 to 12 days after onset
20
Q

How is Respiratory Syncytial Virus prevented?

A
  • Infection does not yield life long immunity
  • No antivirals
  • No vaccine
  • Passive immunoprophylaxis
21
Q

True or false: True or false: Humans are the only host for Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

A

True

22
Q

What are risk factors for infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A
  • Attending day care

- School age siblings

23
Q

What is a risk for more severe disease with Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

A
  • Premature birth, male, second hand exposure to cigarette smoke, lack of breast feeding
24
Q

What is Varicella Zoster Virus biology?

A
  • Alphaherpesvirus
  • Genome: dsDNA, large
  • Virion: enveloped
  • Protein: hundreds of proteins
  • Replicates in cell (resting cell like neuron = latent infection), infects neighboring cells first
25
Q

How are you infected with Varicella Zoster Virus?

A

Inhalation of aerosolized droplets

26
Q

What is the incubation period of Varicella Zoster Virus?

A

10 to 21 days

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Varicella Zoster Virus?

A
  • Fever, malaise, headache
  • Rash, 1-2 days after symptom onset
  • Rash progresses for 3-6 days
  • Rash on scalp, face, trunk, primarily
28
Q

How long after symptom onset is recovery from Varicella Zoster Virus?

A

2 weeks, cell mediated immunity most important

29
Q

True or false: Varicella Zoster Virus usually establishes latent infections that can be reactivated.

A

True, this is called shingles

30
Q

What is the prevention for Varicella Zoster Virus?

A
  • Vaccination - primary option, life long immunity, Live attenuated vaccine
  • Antivirals - Acyclovir
31
Q

What is Poliovirus biology?

A
  • Picornavirus
  • Genome: (+)ssRNA
  • Virion: Non-enveloped
  • Replicated in cell
  • Virus creates pore in cell
  • Genome serves as mRNA
32
Q

How are you infected with Poliovirus?

A

Ingestion of material containing virus

33
Q

Where does Poliovirus replicate?

A
  • Primary replication in Peyer’s patches of small intestine - minor viremia
  • Secondary replication - major viremia
  • Mild disease
  • Fecal shedding of virus for 6 weeks
34
Q

What is Rotavirus biology?

A
  • Reoviridae
  • Genome: dsRNA, 11 segments
  • Virion: non-enveloped
  • Replicated in cell
  • Membrane disruption
  • Genome never exposed
35
Q

How are you infected with Rotavirus?

A

Ingestion of material containing virus

36
Q

How long is the incubation period for Rotavirus?

A

2 days

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Rotavirus

A
  • Vomiting and fever, then after 2 - 3 days …
  • Diarrhea - 3 to 8 days in duration (virus shedding in fecal matter for weeks before symptom onset and days after recovery)
  • Severe disease most common in 6 to 24 month old children
38
Q

How is Rotavirus diagnosed?

A

By antigens in stool

39
Q

How is Rotavirus prevented?

A
  • Infant vaccines available
  • No antivirals
  • Hygiene
  • Tx is oral rehydration
40
Q

What are other common childhood viral diseases?

A
  • Mumps
  • German measles
  • Fifth disease
  • Roseola

Micro/Immuno (3 decks)

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