Childhood Disorders Flashcards
Adjustment disorder
A psychological response to identifiable stressor(s), with symptoms developing within 3 months of the stressor(s)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A behavioral disorder usually manifested before the age of 7 years that includes over activity, chronic inattention, and difficulty dealing with multiple stimuli.
Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Chi
Life force
Conduct disorder
A psychiatric disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior in which the rights of others are violated and age-appropriate societal norms or rules are disregarded.
Oppositional defiant disorder
A psychiatric disorder characterized by a recurrent pattern of negativistic, disobedient, hostile, defiant behavior toward authority figures, without going so far as to seriously violate the basic rights of others.
Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)
A psychiatric disorder characterized by sever and pervasive impairment in reciprocal social interaction and communication skills, usually accompanied by stereotypical behavior, interests, and activities.
Play therapy
An intervention that allows a child to symbolically express feelings such as aggression, self-doubt, anxiety, and sadness thought the medium of play.
Principle of least restrictive intervention
This principal requires that more-restrictive interventions should be used only after less-restrictive interventions have been attempted to manage the behavior.
Resilience
The ability to adapt and cope which helps people to face tragedies, loss, trauma, and severe stress.
Temperament
The style of behavior a child habitually uses to cope with the demands and expectations of the environment
Therapeutic games
Games the nurse can play with a child to facilitate the development of a therapeutic relationship and provide opportunity for conversation
Mental retardation
Significant subaverage intelligence and maladaptive functioning in at least two areas. Ex. Communication, self care, academic skills, work, health and safety
Predisposing factors for mental retardation
Genetics
Infections or toxic agents
Radiation (less common today)
Prenatal dietary deficiencies
Mild retardation
Score 50-70
85% of cases. 6th grade skills. Can achieve social and vocational skills
Moderate retardation
Score 35-49. 10% of cases. 2nd grade skills. Can be vocationally trained for unskilled and semiskilled work with supervision
Severe retardation
Score 20-34. 3-4% of cases. Can. Learn to talk. Some self care skills can be taught. Academic training is ineffective.
Profound retardation
Score <1-2%. Of cases. Considerable impairment and needs constant supervision.
ADHD statistics
4-9 times more common in boys.
3-7% of school aged children
60-70% of cases will persist into adulthood
ADHD suggestions for parents
Maintain a daily schedule
Keep distractions to a minimum
Provide specific and logical places for the child to keep his schoolwork, toys and clothes
Set small, reachable goals
Reward positive behavior
Use charts and checklists to help the child stay on task
Limit choices
Find activities in which the child can be successful
Use calm discipline (time out, distraction, removing the child from the situation)
Autism
Seems cut off from the world
Self-stimulating behaviors
Lack the ability to empathize
ADHD pharmacotherapy
Stimulants: Ritalin, Concerta, Focalin, Dexedrine, adderall. First line treatment for ADHD in children
80% of children will respond to one of the stimulants.
Theory of mind
the theory for how most humans understand that another person has different desires and feelings.
Autism characteristics
Social interactions: nonverbal speech; peer relationships; emotional reciprocity
Communication: delayed development; conversation; make-believe play
Stereotyped patterns of behavior: restricted interests; rigid routines; repetitive motor mannerisms; preoccupation with parts.
Autism treatment
Medication is ineffective
Treatment focuses on behavioral and educational interventions that target the core symptoms of autism.
Conduct disorder
Persistent patterns of behavior in which the basic rights of others are violated
Classic trait: physical aggression
Two types: 1. Childhood onset (before age 10). 2. Adolescent-onset (after age 10)
Conduct disorder behaviors
Aggression to people and animals
Destruction of property
Deceitfulness and theft
Serious violation of rules
Conduct disorder family influences
Parental rejection Inconsistent, harsh punishment Early institutional living Frequent shifting of parental figures Large family size Absent father Parent with antisocial personality disorder or alcoholism Divorce Poor communication Parental permissiveness
Oppositional defiant disorder
Patterns of defiant, angry, antagonistic, hostile, irritable, or vindictive behavior that don’t meet the criteria for conduct disorder.
Classic traits: denial & passive aggression
Typically begins by 8 years and usually proceeds a conduct disorder
Before puberty boys>girls After puberty boys=girls
Tourette’s disorder
A "tic" disorder Muscular contractions and vocal behaviors A release of tension Obscenities 10% of the time Palilalia & echolalia
Palilalia
Repeating of self
Tourette’s disorder therapy
Pharmacologic therapy is most effective when combined with other forms.
First line medications: Clonidine (SE, sedation and hypotension)
Guanfacine (s/e less sedating, longer duration
Risperidone (s/e weight gain, sedation)
Second line medications: Haloperidol (s/e severe)
Primozide (s/e severe >12 yrs); Metoclopramide; Baclofen
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Excessive anxiety concerning separation from the home or parent.
Most commonly diagnosed at age 5 or 6.
Prevalence: 4% of children and young adults.
