Childhood Diseases Flashcards
What is chickenpox? Clinical features?
- caused by varicella-zoster virus
- usually seen in children
- highly contagious, incubation 14-21 days
- 50% of cases subclinical (no symptoms)
- spreads rapidly by droplets and the airborne route
Clinical features: - ulcers (indistinguishable from HSV) will have yellow hue, form on keratinised and non, commonly observed on attached gingivae, whereas aphthous ulcers appear on non keratinised tissue
- rash: papules (raised), vesicles (fluid filled), pustules (pus filled), scabs
- cervical lymphadenitis
- fever, malaise, irritability, anorexia
Same virus causes different disease in adults, lies dormant in trigeminal ganglion –> shingles
Give an overview of shingles:
- pain before, during and after
- rash: unilateral vesiculating then scabbing in dermatome
- mouth ulcers: mandibular zoster (ipsilateral on buccal and lingual mucosa) or maxillary zoster (ipsilateral on palate and vestibule)
- rarely can lead to Ramsay hunt syndrome - geniculate zoster (rash in ear, facial palsy and ulcers on ipsilateral soft palate)
Treatment: analgesics and aciclovir
What is primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?
Oral disease caused by initial infection with the herpes simplex virus
- systemic features: fever, malaise, cervical lymphadenopathy generally occur first
- characterised by painful, erythematous and swollen gingiva and multiple tiny vesicles on the perioral skin, vermillion border of the lips and oral mucosa
- most common between 6 months and 6 years, can be mistaken for teething
- lesions heal spontaneously within 2 weeks
- differentiate from other causes
- take analgesics
Complications: recurrent secondary infections due to HSV1 - herpes labialis, intra-oral ulceration, herpetic whitlow, eye infection
What is hand, foot and mouth disease?
- caused by coxackie A virus
- usually occurs in epidemics in children <5 years
- oral lesions are generally painful
- vesicles and ulcers (red)
- occur anywhere in mouth
- multiple macules (flat) and papules (raised) on feet, toes, hands and fingers
- lesions resolve within 2 weeks
What is mumps?
- viral infection of salivary glands
- caused by mumps virus, rarely other viruses
- causes infertility in males
- incubation 14-21 days
- painful swelling
- most commonly bilateral swelling of parotid glands
- differentiate from other causes e.g. obstructive/bacterial sialadenitis
What is measles?
- highly contagious
- systemic symptoms and a skin rash
- 10-14 days incubation period
- high risk of secondary bacterial complications such as pneumonia, can cause death
- can result in kopliks spots - small red macules with white necrotic centres
- may occur on buccal mucosa of oral cavity, will never disappear
What is rubella?
- highly contagious, usually mild viral disease
- spread by droplet infection
- incubation period of 14-21 days
- rash on face, behind ears, mild fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes
- can seriously damage or kill a foetus, as well as chickenpox
What is herpangina?
- caused by ‘A’ coxsackie virus
- characterised by vesicles appearing on the soft palate
- fever, malaise, sore throat, difficulty swallowing
- usually mild to moderate
- resolves within a week
What is enamel hypomineralisation?
The incomplete or defective formation of enamel, resulting in the alteration of tooth form or colour
- results from s disturbance of or damage to the ameloblasts during enamel matrix formation
- ameloblasts are one of the most sensitive cell groups in the body
- can affect the primary or permanent dentition
- febrile illness causing enamel hypoplasia including chickenpox and measles
- only the crowns of teeth that are developing at that time are affected
- usually involves permanent central incisors, laterals and first molars (MIH)
- horizontal rows of pits traversing the tooth surface, extent will vary depending on the severity and injury to the ameloblasts
