childhood Flashcards
how is childhood a social construct?
it is created and defined by society
who says the western notion of childhood is the ‘Golden Age’
Pilcher
how is childhood separate?
clear and distinct life stage
happiness- leisure/not doing work
innocence- adults protect children
AO3 - Wagg
childhood socially constructed
‘childhood is socially constructed’
‘there is no singular universal childhood’
What did Punch find?
found in rural Bolivia children worked from age of 5
globalisation of western childhood:
exported and imposed western norms of what childhood should be
what did Aries do and find?
studied paintings to look at difference in childhood over time
middle ages (10-13 century) - childhood didn’t exist
cult of childhood (13 century onwards)- where modern view started to emerge
century of the child (20 century)- now obsessed with childhood
AO3- Pollock criticism
criticises Aries for saying childhood didn’t exist, it was simply different
why has childhood changed?
laws restricting children from work
compulsory schooling
lower family size/infant mortality rates
laws specifically to protect children
industrialisation impact
this brought many of the changes e.g needed educated workforce so compulsory schooling introduced
high standards of living=better healthcare
who says childhood has improved
March of Progress
stat about smaller family sizes
1860- 5.7 births per woman
2014 - 1.83 births per woman
how much do parents spend om children on average until they are 21
£227,000
mortality rates stats
1900 - 154/1000
now - 4/1000
who talks about toxic childhood?
Palmer
changes that have led to toxic childhood:
how has this affected them:
junk food
computer games
parents working longer hours
more obesity
teenage pregnancies/ early sexual experiences
drug/alcohol abuse
factors showing that childhood has not improved
inequalities between children
inequalities between children and adults
how are there gender inequalities in childhood?
Hillman
Bonke
Hillman - boys more likely to be allowed to cycle, cross roads etc after dark
Bonke - girls do 5x more domestic labour than boys especially in lone parent families
how are there ethnic inequalities in childhood?
Brannen
Bhatti
Brannen - asian parents more likely than other parents to be strict towards daughters
Bhatti - found izzat (family honour) could be restriction on behaviour of girls
how is there social class inequalities in childhood?
w/c children more likely to suffer from hyperactivity and conduct disorders
w/c more likely to die in infancy
poor mothers more likely to have low birth weight babies so they have delayed physical and intellectual development
how do adults take control of children?
(5 points)
neglect and abuse
control over childrens space
control over childrens time
control over childrens bodies
control over childrens access to resources
how many children subject to child protection line
(include year)
2013 - 43,000
how many calls does childline receive each year on average
20,000
who talks about age patriarchy?
Gittins
