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Eng Lang > Child Spoken > Flashcards

Child Spoken Flashcards

1
Q

What is Skinner’s theory called?

A

Behaviourist Theory

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2
Q

What is behaviour shaped and maintained by, according to Skinner?

A

Its consequences

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3
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour that is spontaneous but the consequences of which will affect the future.

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4
Q

What did Skinner claim about how children acquire language?

A

They imitate speech and are rewarded for it.

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Feedback given to encourage similar behaviour.

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6
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Feedback given to prevent similar behaviour.

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7
Q

What are the three cases in favour of Skinner?

A

1) Children will imitate words they’ve heard a parent say.
2) Children usually acquire the same pronunciation as their parents.
3) Children usually acquire pragmatic features such as politeness from their parents.

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8
Q

What is the Wug Experiment by Jean Berko?

A

Children apply rules accurately to words that they have not heard or used before.

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9
Q

What are the six cases against Skinner?

A

1) All children acquire language at the same rate, regardless of parental attention.
2) The same idea can be expressed in many different ways.
3) Children often say things they’ve never heard an adult say before.
4) Children can say completely original sentences and understand an infinite number of sentences.
5) Most children go through the same stages of language acquisition, called developmental milestones.
6) Parent’s don’t usually correct grammar but are more interested in politeness and truthfulness.

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10
Q

What are Chomsky’s criticisms of Skinner?

A

The language used by adults when speaking to children is impoverished.

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11
Q

What is Braine’s case against Skinner?

A

Children often cannot be corrected.

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12
Q

What is McNeil in the Genesis of Language’s case against Skinner?

A

Children can’t be corrected until a certain development.

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13
Q

What is Chomsky’s theory called

A

Nativism

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14
Q

What does Chomsky believe?

A

Children have an innate ability to understand grammar. In our brains is a Language Acquisition Device.

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15
Q

What did Chomsky believe the LAD did?

A

Enabled children to listen to language being used and extract the rules of grammar from it.

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16
Q

What did Chomsky believe the LAD contained and what does it mean?

A

Universal Grammar, all languages shared the same deep structure.

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17
Q

What error supports the existence of the LAD?

A

Virtuous errors, as they show the child is attempting to apply the rules she has figured out.

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18
Q

What are the case in favour of Chomsky’s theory?

A

1) The rapid speed at which children acquire language.
2) The fact that all children acquire language at the same stages.
3) The fact that some grammatical features are common to all languages.
4) How children can use and understand new sentences without hearing them before.

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19
Q

How is Isaac Slobin in favour of Chomsky?

A

He claims human anatomy is specifically adapted for speech. We have evolved a vocal tract which allows for precise articulation.

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20
Q

How is Pinker in favour of Chomsky?

A

Chimpanzees can learn individual words but not grammar.

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21
Q

How are escaped slaves from Surinam in favour of Chomsky?

A

Different language groups were forced to communicate in a limited Dutch pidgin. Their children developed it into a fully sophisticated Creole.

22
Q

What are the cases against Chomsky?

A

1) Just focus on grammar. Sentences can be grammatically correct but still semantically meaningless.
2) Ignore the role of language as a social phenomenon.
3) Suggests that acquisition of language will happen automatically.

23
Q

How does Genie’s case go against Chomsky?

A

Between 20 months and 13 years, Genie was locked in isolation by her father.
When rescued, she was unable to speak. She was never able to speak beyond a basic level.
Her case suggests there’s a critical period where learning language gets cut off. Suggests the LAD stops working at some point.

24
Q

What did Eric Lennerberg propose about being exposed to language, to do with the LAD?

A

There is a “critical period”, the age before which you must be exposed to language and social interaction or you will be unable to learn. He suggested up to the age of 5.

25
Q

What does Isaac Slobin think about working out the rules of a language?

A

That it must be more like a mechanism.

26
Q

What does John Macnamara think about the LAD?

A

Rather than having the LAD, children have an innate capacity to read meaning into social situations.

27
Q

What is Piaget’s theory called?

A

Cognitivism

28
Q

What did Piaget believe about language acquisition?

A

It was just part of a child’s wider cognitive development.

29
Q

What did Piaget believe about the development of language?

A

Its a reflection of a wider development

30
Q

How did Piaget believe that children can acquire an aspect of language?

A

When they have the cognitive skills to understand the concept involved.

31
Q

What is object permanance? (Piaget)

A

Children learn that objects continue to exist whether or not they can see or feel them.

32
Q

How does object permanence affect language acquisition?

A

Once children learn that things are stable, they begin to learn their names more readily. This happens around 18 months and there’s a massive increase in children’s vocabulary.

33
Q

What is classification? (Piaget)

A

Children learn to classify objects and actions. Some things are eaten, some things are played with, some are sat on etc.

34
Q

How does classification affect language acquisition?

A

Children learn that they can divide words into linguistic categories, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.

35
Q

What is seriation? (Piaget)

A

Children learn that things come in a series or an order; stories have a start and a conclusion.

36
Q

How does seriation affect language acquisition?

A

Children learn to use comparative terms. Eg, that dog is bigger.

37
Q

What are the cases against Piaget?

A

1) Many people with language difficulties do not have poor cognitive development.
2) Some children with retarded mental development in other areas still learn to speak fluently.
3) Piaget’s work only considers the role of language in conveying thoughts. It neglects the use to establish and maintain relationships.

38
Q

What is Bruner’s theory called?

A

Input

39
Q

What did Bruner claim?

A

That the language used by parents when talking to children, is designed specifically to help children to learn.

40
Q

Where do children learn language, according to Bruner?

A

In a social context.

41
Q

What is the thing called that works alongside Chomsky’s LAD, according to Bruner?

A

Language Acquisition Support System.

42
Q

Why does child-directed language work as a support system?

A

1) Parents speak more slowly and simply to children, so it’s easier to understand and imitate.
2) Parents expand children’s speech.

43
Q

What do parents do to help their children?

A

1) Introduce new words by using repeated structures.
2) Use more pauses between phrases, clauses and sentences to give children the time to absorb speech.
3) Use a higher pitch, exaggerated stress and intonation to keep the child’s attention.
4) Use more imperatives and interrogatives to encourage the child to engage.

44
Q

What do parents use to help children’s naming abilities?

A

A book

45
Q

What is the four stage structure that parents use when talking to a child, learning from a book?

A

1) Gaining attention- pointing out a picture.
2) Query- asking the child to identify the language
3) Label- telling the child what the object is
4) Feedback- responding to the baby’s utterance.

46
Q

What do parents use to teach children about spoken discourse structures, eg, turn-taking?

A

Rituals and routines.

47
Q

What is an example of routines and rituals used by parents?

A

Children’s imaginative play such as “playing shop.”

48
Q

What are the cases in favour for Bruner?

A

1) Research suggests that mothers who talk more have children with larger vocabulary.
2) Children who were corrected in their speech tend to develop more slowly.

49
Q

What are the cases against Bruner?

A

1) Not all cultures use child-directed speech but their children still learn.
2) Child-directed speech does not explain how children progress. Care-givers don’t have pre-planned teaching scheme for their use of language.

50
Q

How did Vygotsky develop Bruner’s theory?

A

1) He noted that adults often provide “scaffolding” to help children to form an utterance.
2) Adults will often start a sentence and allow a child to finish it or will prompt them when an utterance is complete.
3) The adult acts as a “More Knowledgeable Other” by supporting the child.
4) The MKO helps the child move within the “Zone of Proximal Development”, the area just beyond what they can do.

Eng Lang (2 decks)

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