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Interpersonal Abuse > Child Sexual Abuse > Flashcards

Child Sexual Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural Context
In terms of this, what do we need to know?
What is one boundary to knowledge?

A

Need to know what is culturally acceptable sexual behaviour.
*
Few studies focus on normal patterns of touching and physical contact in families.

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2
Q

Common (1) and extremely rare (2) sexual behaviour in non-abused children

A

common
Touching their own genitals or sexual parts.
*
extremely rare
Inserting objects into the vagina or anus.
Oral – genital contact.

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3
Q 
Conceptual issues
*
Components essential to defining sexual abuse:
*
Definitions are typically...
They often include...
Emphasis is placed on?
They address?
A
  • broad enough to include intra-familial and extra-familial abuse
  • sexual experiences with children involving both physical contact and noncontact activities
  • the adult’s exploitation of his or her authority and power to achieve sexual ends
  • age or maturational advantage of the perpetrator over the victim
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4
Q

Conceptual Issues
*
Concerns related to definitions: (3)
WIN

A

What specific behaviours should be deemed abuse?
*
intent of the abuser (Need to evaluate …intended for the sexual stimulation?)
*
Need to take into account the perpetrator’s size, age, sex and/or status as well.

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5
Q

Contextual Issues.
*
There is an implicit assumption that children cannot give informed consent.
2 reasons why.

A

Developmentally cannot understand what they are consenting to and what the consequences of their consent might be
*
Might not be in a position to decline involvement because of the adult’s authority and power

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6
Q 
Legal Issues
*
The Criminal Code of Canada prohibits the following behaviours
*
Under 14 (3)
A
  • Any sexual activity b/w adult and child under 14 with the exception of consensual “peer sex.”
  • Direct/indirect touch anywhere on person under 14 for sexual purpose.
  • Inviting, counselling, inciting direct/indirect touch from person under 14 for sexual purpose.
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7
Q

Consensual “peer sex” is not an offence in the following situation:

A

one child is between 12 and 14
the other is
– 12 years or more but under the age of 16
– less than two years older
– not in a position of trust or authority towards the other child
– nor in a relationship of dependency

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8
Q 
Legal Issues
*
The Criminal Code of Canada prohibits the following behaviours
*
Adult in position of trust (2)
A
  • Any sexual activity between an adult in a position of trust or authority towards a child 14-18.
  • Sexual intercourse between an adult and someone within blood family (child, grandchild, brother, sister)
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9
Q 
Legal Issues
*
The Criminal Code of Canada prohibits the following behaviours
*
Technology (2)
A
  • Child pornography

* Luring a child by computer to facilitate prohibited sexual offences.

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10
Q 
Legal Issues
*
The Criminal Code of Canada prohibits the following behaviours
*
Under 18 (3)
A
  • Living on the avails of prostitution of a person under the age of 18
  • Aiding, abetting, counselling or compelling a person under 18 to engage in prostitution; using, threatening to use, or attempting to use violence, intimidation or coercion in relation to the person under that age.
  • Obtaining for consideration or communicating with anyone to obtain for consideration, the sexual services of a person under the age of 18.
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11
Q

Incidence of child sexual abuse

From which two sources do numbers come from?

A

Official estimates

Self-report Surveys

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12
Q

Incidence of child sexual abuse
From which two sources do numbers come from?
*
Official estimates – numbers usually come from?
Problem with this? (2)

A

Child Protection Agency reports

under-reporting and of undisclosed cases

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13
Q

Self-report Surveys – potentially a clearer picture, but problems include…(3)

A

samples
under-estimates of actual rate
problems with memory

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14
Q

Canadian picture – Statistics Canada
*
Children and youth accounted for what percentage of sexual assault victims reported to the police?
What percentage were female?

A

60%

80% of victims were female

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15
Q

Canadian picture – Statistics Canada
*
Prior to age 12, female victims were more likely to…
What percentage knew the assailant?

A

be sexually assaulted than to be victims of other types of crimes
85% knew the assailant

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16
Q

Canadian picture – Statistics Canada
*
85% knew the assailant. Break it down in terms of accused in family-related sexual assaults against children and youth.

A

30% fathers
30% brothers
30% extended male relatives
2% by a female relative

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17
Q

Police reported incidents for victims under 13 occurred most often when?

A

between 3pm and 7pm

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18
Q

Characteristics of the Child Victim

Gender – number of male victims may be under reported. Why?

A

Societal norms
– support not reporting
– should be dominant and self-reliant
– shouldn’t express helplessness or vulnerability
– early sexual experiences normal for boys
*
Fears about homosexuality

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19
Q

Family Factors (5)
*
Living situation

A
  • Living w/o bio parents for extended time
  • Stepfather
  • Working mother
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20
Q

Family Factors
*
Relationships (3)

A
  • Domestic violence
  • Strained parental relationship
  • Poor relationship with one or both parents
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21
Q

Family Factors
*
Parent problems (3)

A
  • Disabled (physical or mental) mother
  • Drug, alcohol or emotional problems
  • Parent’s hx of sexual abuse
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22
Q

Family Factors
*
Social factors (2)

A
  • Few close friends

* Family isolation

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23
Q

Characteristics of those who sexually abuse children
*
Age (2)

A

Develop deviant sexual interests prior to age 18.
*
Adolescent offenders – most are male and represent all cultural and socioeconomic groups.

24
Q

Characteristics of those who sexually abuse children
*
Gender

A

Most offenders are male.
*
Women do offend but we have limited data. Women are
– accomplices to men
– lonely and isolated single parents
– adolescent babysitters
– adult women who develop a romantic attachment to adolescent boy

25
Q

Characteristics of those who sexually abuse children
*
Relationship to child victim
Describe intra and extra

A

Intrafamilial (within the family) – more common with men being more often the perpetrators
*
Extrafamilial – reported far less but more common.

26
Q

4 preconditions that must exist before abuse can occur

Perpetrator must:

A

Perpetrator must:
• have some motivation to sexually abuse a child
• overcome internal inhibitions against acting on the motivation
• overcome external barriers to acting on that motivation
• overcome the child’s resistance to sexual abuse

27
Q

Initiation of abuse

3 stages

A

Careful selection
Grooming
Maintenance of the abuse – keeping the secret

28
Q

What is grooming?

A

purposeful and focused on preparing the child for the abuse
*
desensitizing the child using a progression from nonsexual to sexual touch in the context of a gradually developing relationship.

29
Q

What are some grooming tactics?

MMMST

A 
Misrepresent moral standards
Misuse authority
Money or other bribes
Separate from parents and peers
Threats of harm to people or pets
30
Q

Perpetrators justify their behaviour.

A

You came on to me. You wanted it. You seduced me.

31
Q

Maintenance of the abuse – keeping the secret (3)

A

bribes, threats, physical agression

32
Q

Organized Exploitation refers to?

3 examples?

A 
sexual maltreatment of groups of children 
for 
– the sexual stimulation of one or more perpetrators
– commercial gain
– both
*
Sex rings
Pornography
Prostitution
33
Q

Child Sex Rings
What do they do first?
In order to be accepted, what must the child do?
Core element?

A

• Interest children in joining the group
• Require children to fulfill sexual demands in order to be accepted.
• Core element – pornographic activities
Children are often photographed or videotaped

34
Q

Child Pornography definition

A 
a visual depiction of any kind
*
whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means
*
of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor.
– drawing
– cartoon
– sculpture
– painting
– photography
– film
– video
– computer-generated image or picture
35
Q

Child Prostitution
*
Where are youth most often found working?
*
Age of entry – difficult to assess as it is a process.
Studies have varied by region – anywhere from
*
Gender?

A 
• on the street
• non-regulated off-street work
– gang houses
– trick pads
– drug houses
*
12 to 17 years
*
More girls than boys involved
36
Q

Signs of Child Sexual Abuse
*
Physical

A
  • Unexplained pain, bleeding, or swelling of mouth, genitals or rectal area
  • UTIs
  • STIs
  • Bed wetting
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Eating disorders
  • Physical complaints including headaches and/or stomach aches
37
Q

Signs of Child Sexual Abuse
*
Psychological

A
  • Anxiety and/or depression including suicide attempts

* Substance abuse problems

38
Q

Signs of Child Sexual Abuse
*
Behaviour

A
  • Persistent sexual play with self, toys, other kids
  • Excessive bathing or poor hygiene
  • Early sexual activity
  • Early pregnancy
  • School problems
  • Discipline problems including running away
  • Aggressive or self-destructive behaviour
39
Q

Long term effects

A 
PTSD
Depression and anxiety
Substance abuse
Eating disorders
*
Relationship issues
Sexuality issues
Sexualized behaviour
40
Q

Why are some children affected severely by the abuse and others not at all?
TIER

A
  • Threats, force and violence are linked to increased problems
  • Intense emotional relationship with the abuser
  • Exposure to other forms of abuse
  • Response of adults to the disclosure
41
Q

When a child is exposed to sexual abuse in addition to physical and psychological abuse, the effect is often…?

A

cumulative and therefore, more severe

42
Q 
Factors Affecting Adjustment after the Disclosure
Duration x 2
Degree x 3
Difference
Age/Development
A

• Duration/nature of r’ship of victim to offender
• Duration of the sexual abuse activities
*
• Degree of aggression or severity of force the child endured
• Degree of the victim’s participation
• Degree of support from the family and professionals on disclosure of the sexual abuse
*
• Difference in age b/w victim/offender
• Victim’s developmental state or maturity at onset of the sexual abuse
• Sophistication of the child about sexual abuse
*
• Type of sexual abuse activities
• Environment or context of the sexual abuse
• Gender of victim and perpetrator

43
Q

How does the non-abusive family member react and respond to the child? If supportive =

A

more positive outcome.

44
Q

The greater the age difference between victim and offender…

A

the greater the trauma

45
Q

Treatment Interventions
*
Must take into account (2)

A
  • Diverse backgrounds of victims and perpetrators

* Attend to countertransference (seek supervision always!) for therapist (this could be my child..my husband)

46
Q 
Treatment Interventions
*
Goals of tx (2)
*
Common method?
A

• Alleviate sx
• Teach the appropriate expression of anger
*
• Specialized play therapy for children

47
Q

Treatment Interventions
*
Rules of tx (2)

A
  • One size does not fit all. Must tailor interventions to the individual whenever possible.
  • Treatment requires specialize training and skills. Therapy is long and intensive and costly when done well.
48
Q

Treatment Interventions
*
Offender Treatment Goal

A

• Reduce the likelihood of reoffending

49
Q

Treatment Interventions
*
Offender tx approaches

A

• Psychotherapy
• Usu group therapy as result of conviction
• Medical Approaches
– rarely used in Manitoba and Canada

50
Q

Med for medical tx?

A

– Depo-Provera

51
Q

Depo-Provera is used to?

It does not?

A

Depo-Provera is used to reduce the testosterone levels. Does not prevent the behaviour.

52
Q

Why is it so difficult to disclose sexual abuse?

A 
Child feels
threatened
ashamed
unsafe
doesn't have language to articulate
worried about what it will do to family
53
Q

Why is it difficult to acknowledge that women can be perpetrators of sexual abuse?

A 
all the stereotypes we have:
women naturally viewed as victim and nurturers of children
men viewed as more powerful
reports not taken seriously
males always want/won't say not to sex
men can't be forced
54
Q

What are the factors that make sexual abuse by the clergy difficult to acknowledge?

A

clergy always right – ppl don’t say no to
the person is a role model
ppl can’t wrap mind around breach of role
affects the whole community

55
Q

What role might an RPN play?

A

recognize/refer
connecting w/ resources
working w/ ppl dealing w/ LT effects of abuse on daily basis
PTSD, BPD

Interpersonal Abuse (5 decks)

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