Child Safeguarding Flashcards
What is chid protection?
activity undertaken to protect children who are suffering or are at roof suffering, significant harm
Who are children in need?
those who require additional support or services to achieve their full potential
What does safeguarding children involve?
- measures taken to minimise the risks of harm to children
- protecting children from maltreatment
- preventing impairment of children’s health or development
- ensuring children grow up in a safe or caring environment
What is child abuse and neglect?
anything which those entrusted with the care of children do, or fail to do, which damages their prospects of safe and healthy development into adulthood
What is the definition of child abuse?
- significant harm to child
- carer has some responsibility for that harm
- significant connection between carer’s responsibility for child and harm to child
What national guidance and legislation is used in Scotland regarding child protection?
- National Guidance for Child Protection in Scotland 2014
- Scottish Government
- Children and Young Peoples Act 2014
- Getting It Right For Every Child (GIRFEC)
What does the Children & Young People’s Act 2014 detail?
- 13 parts covering a wide range of children’s policy
- 4 major themes
- children’s rights (1-2)
- GIRFEC (3, 4, 5, 13)
- early learning and childcare (6)
- looked after children (7-11)
What does GIRFEC detail?
- named person for every child
- single point of contact to provide advice and support to families
- raise and deal with concerns about a child’s wellbeing
- not mandatory
- lead professional
- in case of complex needs
- different agencies need to work together
- single child’s plan
- single planning process for individual children
- national practice model
- shared language to identify and meet concerns
- SHANARRI
- world triangle
- resilience matrix
- shared language to identify and meet concerns
- shared approach to
- organise and record information about a child
- discuss ways of addressing concerns about wellbeing
What does SHANARRI stand for?
- Safe
- Healthy
- Achieving
- Nurtured
- Active
- Respected
- Responsible
- Included
What is SHANARRI used for?
- observing and recording
- gathering information and analysis
- planning action and review
- well-being concerns
- assessment
- well-beong desired outcome
What international guidance is used regarding child protection?
- Children and Young Peoples Charter
- UNCRC
- based on the needs of children
What are possible contributing factors to child abuse?
- adult aetiology
- drugs
- alcohol
- poverty
- unemployment
- marital stress
- mental illness
- disability
- domestic violence
- step parents
- isolation
- abused as a child
- unrealistic expectation
- child aetiology
- crying
- soiling
- disability
- unwanted pregnancy
- failed expectation
- wrong gender
- product of forced, coercive or commercial sex
- community/environmental aetiology
- dwelling place and housing conditions
- neighbourhood
- family violence and dysfunctional family
- intergenerational cycle
- violence towards pets
- social isolation
- poverty
What are the big three concerns for parenting capacity?
- domestic violence
- drug and alcohol misuse
- mental health problems
What are the 5 categories of child abuse?
- physical
- emotional
- neglect
- sexual
- non-organic failure to thrive
What constitutes a vulnerable child?
- under 5s
- irregular attenders
- repeatedly do not attend
- return in pain
- exposed to risks of general anaesthetic
- medical problems and disabilities
- more at risk of experiencing all kinds of abuse
- serious impairment of health or development
- more likely as a result of untreated dental disease - ‘looked after’ children
How many deaths are caused by child abuse in Scotland and the UK
- Scotland: 10 children a year
- UK: 1-2 children a week
What are the markers of neglect?
- nutrition
- failure to thrive
- short stature
- warmth, clothing, shelter
- inappropriate clothing
- cold injury
- sunburn
- hygiene and healthcare
- ingrained dirt (finger nails)
- head lice
- dental caries
- stimulation and education
- developmental delay
- affection
- withdrawn
- attention seeking behaviour
What are the most common ways can neglect kill?
- child under 1 year old
- deprived of food and drink
- older children
- independently mobile
- child inadequately supervised
What damage does neglect cause?
- short term
- physical health
- emotional health
- social development
- cognitive development
- long term
- adults neglected as children at higher incidence of:
- arrest
- suicide attempts
- major depression
- diabetes
- heart disease
- adults neglected as children at higher incidence of:
What is the definition of dental neglect?
- persistent failure to meet a child’s basic oral health needs, likely to result in the serious impairment of a child’s oral or general health or development
-BSPD (2009)
What can dental disease cause leading to general neglect?
- toothache
- disturbed sleep
- difficulty eating/change in food preferences
- absence from school
- teasing due to poor dental appearance
- repeated antibiotics
- repeated general anaesthetic extractions
- severe infection
What dental neglect can be considered wilful neglect?
- after dental problems have been pointed out
- irregular attendance
- repeated failed appointments
- repeated late cancellations
- failure to complete treatment
- returning in pain at repeated intervals
- repeated general anaesthetic for dental extractions
What are indicators of dental neglect?
- obvious dental disease
- to someone not dentally trained
- impact on the child
- pain
- problems with eating and sleeping
- practical care has been offered but no return for treatment
How is dental neglect managed?
- 3 stages
- preventive dental team management
- raise concerns with parents
- offer support
- set targets
- keep records
- monitor progress - preventive multi-agency management
- lease with other professions
- ascertain if concerns are shared
- common assessment framework (CAF)
- check if subject to child protection plan/register
- agree on joint plan of action with all professionals
- letter to health visitor asking if child is known
- lease with health visitor - child protection referral
- in complex or deteriorating situations
- follow local guidelines
- referral to social services
- preventive dental team management
- patient/carer offered treatment and sent reminder
What elements are involved in assessment framework for safeguarding and promoting child welfare?
- child’s developmental needs
- health
- education
- emotional and behavioural development
- identity
- family and social relationships
- social presentation
- self-care skills
- parenting capacity
- basic care
- ensuring safety
- emotional warmth
- stimulation
- guidance and boundaries
- stability
- family and environmental factors
- family history and functioning
- wider family
- housing
- employment
- family’s social integration
- community resources
What are the types of physical abuse?
- over chastisement
- can be cultural
- acute/compassionate (shaking)
- spontaneous uncalculated reaction
- remorse, take action appropriately
- children’s needs are priority
- chronic/pathological (way of life)
- help sought but not actively
- no remorse
- children’s needs are not a priority
What does the law state about physical abuse in Scotland?
- illegal to hit a child with an object or on the head
- illegal to physically punish a child
What types of injuries are seen as a result of physical abuse?
- head
- 95% serious head injuries in first year of life
- body
- 10% of 5 year olds attending A&E
- burns
- 10-12% are non-accidental
What are common examples of accidental injuries?
- accidental injuries typically involve bony prominences, match the history and are in keeping with the development of the child
- head injuries
- parietal bone
- occipital bone
- forehead
- elbows
- nose
- chin
- palm of hand
- knees
- shins
What are common examples of non-accidental injuries?
- concerns are raised by injuries to both sides of the body, injuries to soft tissues, injuries with particular patterns, injury which does not fit explanation, delays in presentation, untreated injuries
- ears
- especially both
- pinch marks
- triangle of safety
- ears,
- side of face and neck
- top of shoulders
- inner aspects of arms
- back and side of trunk
- except directly over spine
- black eyes
- especially bilateral
- soft tissues of cheeks
- intra-oral injuries
- forearms
- chest and abdomen
- any groin or genital injury
- inner aspects of thighs
- sole of feet
What signs of physical abuse can be seen extraorally?
- bruising of face
- punch
- slap
- pinch
- bruising of ears
- pinch
- pull
- abrasions and lacerations
- burns and bites
- neck
- choke or cord marks
- eye injuries
- hair pulling
- fractures
nose>mandible>zygoma
What are major clinical features of physical abuse?
- skin lesions
- bruises
- burns
- bites
- lacerations
- bone lesions
- fractures
- intracranial lesions
- from shaking
- visceral lesions
- intra-abdominal
- from blunt trauma
What signs of physical abuse can be seen intraorally?
- contusions
- bruises
- abrasions and lacerations
- burns
- tooth trauma
- frenal injuries
- very suspicious if not mobile
What makes an injury suspicious?
- delay in seeking help
- story vague, lacking detail, varies story telling
- account not compatible with injury
- parent mood abnormal, preoccupied
- parents behaviour gives cause for concern
- child’s appearance and interaction with parents is abnormal
- child may say something contradictory
- history of previous injury
- history of violence within family
What is expected of the dental team regarding child abuse and neglect?
- observe
- record
- communicate
- refer for assessment
- not expected to diagnose
How can dental professionals help children experiencing abuse and neglect?
- share concerns
- named person
- know where to go for help and advice
- experienced colleague
- named safeguarding nurese
- child protection adviser
- named doctor for safeguarding
- social work/social services
- children’s services department
- NSPCC helpline
- know what to do is concerns still stand following initial discussion
- know hoe to refer/share concerns
- telephone initially, followed up in writing
- facts
- statement of concern
What details are included in a notification of concern form/shared referral form
- referral details
- designated contact person
- referral to
- subject of referral
- preferred language
- child affected by disability
- family details
- principle carer’s details
- other adults in household
- any other significant adults
- siblings
- summary of concerns
- reason for referral/request for services
- agreed actions
- agency involvement
What happens after a referral is made?
- if child in immediate danger
- child protection order
- exclusion order
- child assessment order
- removal by police or authority of a JP
- if child not in immediate danger
- investigation
- initial assessment
- decide if child is at risk of significant harm
- no further child protection action, may get additional support
- joint investigation
