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Child Psychology > Child Psych - Test #2 > Flashcards

Child Psych - Test #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of Human Growth

A

Cephalocaudal Principle:

  • Physical + motor development progresses from head-to-toe.
  • Muscles grow
  • Layer of fat added
  • Bone replaces cartilage
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2
Q

Variation on the Average Profile

A
  • Secular growth trend (i.e. medieval knight = 10 yr old today)
  • Average and normal are NOT the same
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3
Q

Mechanisms of Physical Growth

A
  • Heredity (influences adult height)
  • Pituitary Gland (releases growth hormone)
  • Nutrition (important during infancy)
  • Picky Eaters (2 yrs old = growth slows)
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4
Q

Breastfeeding = Good for Baby

A
  • Sterile
  • Right temperature
  • Vitamins
  • Digestion
  • Immunity
  • Bond w/ mom
  • Less taste pickiness
  • Weight management
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5
Q

Breastfeeding = Good for Mom

A
  • Free
  • Quick (no preparing bottle)
  • Easy
  • Decrease cancer risk
  • Return to pre-pregnancy weight faster
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6
Q

Baby Food (ages)

A 
6-9 months:
- Cereals, strained veggies, strained fruits
7-9 months:
- Protein foods
9-10 months:
- Finely chops meat, toast, crackers
10-12 months:
- Egg yolks
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7
Q

Challenges to Healthy Growth + Great Risks

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Diseases
  • SIDS
    +
  • Teen pregnancy
  • Low birth weight
  • Premature
  • Poor prenatal care
  • Males 2-4 months old
  • Accidents = #1 cause of death after 1 yrs old
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8
Q

Organization of Mature Brain

A 
Frontal: Personality, emotions, motor
Parietal: Somatosensory 
Temporal: Hearing
Occipital: Vision
Left Hemi: Language
Right Hemi: Spatial
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9
Q

Developing Brain

A

10 weeks: Neuron production
28 weeks: Fetus has all neurons
- Brain regions specialize early but continue through childhood.
- Flexible/neuroplastic brain organization

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10
Q

Infant Reflexes

A
  1. Babinski: Toes fan out - sole is stroked
  2. Blink: Eyes close - bright light or loud noise
  3. Moro: Throws arms out/in - loud noise or head falls
  4. Palmar: Grasps object in palm
  5. Rooting: Turns head toward person + opens mouth - cheek is stroked
  6. Stepping: Step rhythmically - held upright then moved forward
  7. Sucking: Sucks - object is placed in its mouth
  8. Withdrawal: Withdraws its foot - sole pricked w/ pin
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11
Q

Motor Skills: Reflexes

A

Survival - rooting/sucking
Protect - blink/withdrawal
Later behaviour - stepping/palmar

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12
Q

Gross Motor Skills

Large body movements

A
  • Roll (2m)
  • Sit (7m)
  • Crawl (7m)
  • Stand (12-14m)
  • Walk (12-15m)
  • Kick (15m+)
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13
Q

Fine Motor Skills

Small movements of hands

A 
Skills:
- Hold + grasp (4m)
- Reach + manipulate (6m)
- Fist to fingers
Behaviours:
- Toys
- Eating
- Colouring
- Dressing
Tools: 
- Eating 
- Writing 
- Clothing
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14
Q

Maturation vs Experience (Motor Skills)

A 
Maturation = genes
Experience = motivation, opportunities, culture, surroundings
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15
Q

Smell, Taste, Touch, Move

A
  • React positively or negatively to smells (recognizes mom’s milk)
  • Differentiate salty, sweet, sour… (prefer sweet - mom’s milk)
  • Respond to pleasure or pain from touch
  • Always in motion in uterus - soothes baby
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16
Q

Hearing

A
  • Fetus can hear at 7-8m
  • Inferior to adults = need louder sounds
  • Superior to adults = distinguish sounds in any language
17
Q

Seeing

A
  • Newborns see at 6 meters what adults see at 60-120 meters
  • 3-4m = see colour
  • 8m = see depth
  • 1 year = see like an adult
  • Experience is necessary!
18
Q

Integrating Sensory Information

A 
1m = integrate sight + touch
4m = integrate sight + sound
4-7m = can match facial appearance w/ voice
19
Q

Dynamic Perception

A
  • Focus on movement and change

- Attention period is not long

20
Q

Principles of Piaget’s Theory

A
  1. Schemas: Categories of experience (i.e. Boy has learned schema of cat)
  2. Assimilation: Incorporate new experiences into existing schemas (i.e. Boy sees cub and calls it cat; sister corrects him)
  3. Accommodation: Change schemas based on experience (i.e. Boy accommodates new schema of cub)
  4. Object Permanence: Object is still there if not seen or heard (i.e. Baby understands mom does not disappear when playing peek-a-boo)
21
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 yrs)

A
  1. Reflexes (0-1m)
  2. Learn to adapt (1-4m): Coordinate 2 actions
  3. Make interesting events (4-8m): Repeat pleasing actions
  4. Use means to achieve ends (8-12m): More purposeful actions
  5. Experimenting (12-18m): Old actions on other objects
  6. Mental representation: Think before/without action (make-believe, play jokes, known consequences)
22
Q

Memory

A
  • Babies remember, forget, can be prompted to recall forgotten material
  • Infantile amnesia: Inability to remember events from early life (i.e. immature brain development, language, sense of self)
23
Q

First Steps to Speaking

A
  1. Cry = newborns
  2. Cooing, gurgling = 2m
  3. Babbling = 6m
  4. Words = 1yr
  5. 2 word sentences = 18m
  6. Multi-word sentences = 2yr
24
Q

Meaning to Words

A
  • Name explosion (18m)
  • Underextensions = apply word too narrowly
  • Overextension = overgeneralize words
25
Q

Basic Emotions + Complex Emotions

A
  • Happy, sad, angry, scared (0-6m)
  • Social smiles (2m)
  • Stranger wariness (6m)
  • Separation anxiety (8m)
    +
  • Guilt, embarrassment, pride, shame (18-24m)
  • Cognitive development + understanding self
26
Q

Recognizing Others’ Emotions

A
  • Match their emotions to others’

- Social referencing in unfamiliar environments

27
Q

Regulating Emotions

A
  • Begins in infancy
  • Look away
  • Move close to parent
  • Self-talk
  • Genetics/parenting
28
Q

Attachment

A
  • Have single attachment figure by 6-7m
  • Know mom-dad roles
  • Erikson’s trust vs mistrust stages
29
Q

Attachment Study

A
  1. Observer shows room to mom and infant, then leaves.
  2. Infant explores for 3 mins; mother does not participate.
  3. Stranger enters room + remains silent for 1 min, then talks to baby for 1 min. Mom leaves.
  4. Stranger does not play w/ baby but attempts to comfort.
  5. After 3 mins, mom returns + consoles baby.
  6. When baby returns to playing, mom leaves again but now says “bye”.
  7. Stranger tries to calm and play w/ baby.
  8. After 3 mins, mom returns + stranger leaves.
30
Q

Types of Attachment

A 
1. Secure: 
Leaves = cry or not 
Returns= goes to mom, happy, missed her
2. Avoidant:
Leaves = not upset
Returns = independent 
3. Resistant:
Leaves = upset
Return = upset/inconsolable
4. Disorganized:
Leaves = confused
Returns = dazed/doesn't know to laugh or cry
31
Q

Quality of Attachment

A
  • Secure attachment in infancy = secure in later relationships
  • Predictable, appropriate, responsive parenting = secure
  • Reactive attachment disorder = lack of attachment in infancy (privation)
32
Q

High Quality Daycare

A
  • Qualified educators
  • Low child-educator rations
  • Stimulates all 3 domains: physical, cognitive, social/personality
33
Q

Playing with Peers

A
  • Nonsocial play: Plays alone or watches others (6m)
  • Parallel play: Plays alone but near + interested in others (12m)
  • Simple social play: Similar activities, talk/smile, exchange toys (15-18m)
  • Cooperative play: Themes, roles, alternate roles (24m)
34
Q

Self

A

Baby knows they exist by 2 yrs old;

  • Mirror-task (twins)
  • Photos of self
  • “I” or “me” or “mine”
  • Know their age and gender
35
Q

Temperament

A
  • Consistent mood/behaviour
  • 3 dimensions = emotionality, activity, sociability
  • “Personality”
36
Q

Causes of Temperament

A
  • Genetics = Biological theory
  • Parent’s Temperament = Learning theory - Modelling
  • Reward/Punishment = Learning theory - Operant
  • Experiences = Contextual theory
  • Ego = Personality theory
37
Q

Stability of Temperament

A
  • Active fetus is more likely to be difficult child
  • Newborns who cry under moderate stress react same in later on months
  • Quite stable throughout infancy
38
Q

Temperament Influences

A
  • School success
  • Peer interactions
  • Compliance w/ parents
39
Q

Movie Questions

A 
Fine Motor:
Ponijao: Hitting rocks on ground
Mari: Placing small stickers
Bayar: Playing with/ripping toilet paper
Hattie: Peeling/eating banana
Gross Motor:
Ponijao: Bend over to begin standing 
Mari: Crawl mainly on arms/legs
Bayar: Climb barrel
Hattie: Using doorway jumper

Reflexes:
Ponijoa: Falling asleep, he catches himself falling
Bayar: Blinks when brother hits his face with objects
Hattie: Puts adult’s finger in his mouth (sucking)

Social Referencing:
Mari: Copies other toddlers emotions at daycare
Bayar: Copies brother’s laughter

Emotional Regulation:
Mari: Afraid of animals at zoo - turns to mother

Child Psychology (4 decks)

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