child language development

Question 1

phonology

Answer 1

the study of sounds

Question 2

spoken acquisition

Answer 2

how we gain and acquire language

Question 3

phonemes

Answer 3

44 to describe sounds

Question 4

voiced phonemes

Answer 4

vocal folds are vibrating

Question 5

unvoiced phonemes

Answer 5

vocal folds aren’t vibrating

Question 6

vocal tract

Answer 6

system where sounds are produced

Question 7

places of articulation

Answer 7

1. glottal stops - produced in glottis
2. velar sounds - produced by tongue touching roof of mouth - ‘green’
3. alveolar sounds - from tongue pressed against alveolar ridge - ‘teeth’
4. palatal sounds - from tongue against hard palate
5. dental sounds - produced using teeth - ‘this’
6. palato alveolar sounds - post alveolar grouped into palatal - ‘shoe’
7. labio dental sounds - made using teeth and lips - ‘five’
8. bilabal sounds - made using both lips - ‘monkey’

Question 8

articulators

Answer 8

parts of vocal tract which help to produce sounds

Question 9

substitution

Answer 9

when a child changes one sounds for another

Question 10

consonant cluster reduction

Answer 10

when a child reduces a set of consonants that are all together

Question 11

assimilation

Answer 11

when a sounds later on in the word has an influence on other sounds in the word

Question 12

deletion

Answer 12

child drops a consonant from a word when it’s surrounded on one or both sides by vowels

Question 13

addition

Answer 13

when a child adds a consonant or vowel to a word
eg, dog - doggy

Question 14

berko and brown
‘fis’ phenomenon

Answer 14

showed that comprehension precodes competency and proved that children can notice mistakes but not recognise that they’re making these mistakes

Question 15

17 week old foetus development

Answer 15

can hear sounds in the womb

Question 16

mehler - french babies

Answer 16

found they had a stranger reaction to French sounds at 4 days old than to English, Spanish or Italian - proved babies become accustomed to their native language before birth

Question 17

stage 1 - biological noises
0-2 months

Answer 17

• involves a lot of crying
• child begins to gain control of air stream
• universal so parents of all nationalities can recognise the different types of crying

Question 18

stage 2 - cooing and laughing
2-5 months

Answer 18

• see a control of vocal chords, sounds meaningless
• tongue control is evident when strung together
• eg. ‘coo’ ‘gaa’ ‘goo’

Question 19

stage 3 - vocal play
5-8 months

Answer 19

• child begins to experiment with different vowel and consonant sounds
• play with pitch
• no meaning behind noises
• parents may respond positively to sounds so child may produce again

Question 19

stage 4 - babbling
6-12 months

Answer 19

• happens for a long time, going into holophrastic stage
• consonants begin to get linked to vowels
• reduplication and variation

Question 20

stage 5 - melodic utterances
9-18 months

Answer 20

• child lets out utterances containing rhythm
• tone developed

Question 21

stage 6 - protowords
arounds 1 year

Answer 21

utterances which resemble words and are word like - wouldn’t make sense outside context of primary caregivers

Question 22

phonemic expression

Answer 22

child tries as many new sounds as they can

Question 23

gervain

Answer 23

published work which tested babies at 2 and 3 days old and discovered that brain activity peaked with reduplicated syllables

Question 24

crystal

Answer 24

argues children recognise their parents get excited when they say the ‘ma’ and ‘da’ syllable so will increase the frequency they say this - doesn’t constitute understanding though and he says that it will be many months before the child can link their production of ‘mama’ to the concept of mother

Question 25

lexical words

Answer 25

carry some meaning

Question 26

grammatical words

Answer 26

serve cohesive purpose in holding the sentence together

Question 27

the holophrastic stage
9-18 months

Answer 27

the period of time when children speak using single words

Question 28

the two word stage
18-24 months

Answer 28

utterances, two words only
1. subject verb - ‘robin jump’
2. verb object - ‘jump dog’
3. noun phrases - ‘big dog’
4. inflections not applied to verbs

Question 29

telegraphic stage
24-30 months

Answer 29

child speaks using utterances with enough information

Question 30

post telegraphic stage
2.5-5 years

Answer 30

more complex utterance stage from 3-5 years

Question 31

negation

Answer 31

starts to front negatives
‘no like that’

Question 32

stages of development
CRYSTAL

Answer 32

up to 1 year - ‘scribble talk’
1 year 8 months - around 50 words
2 years - 300 words known
3 years - up to 10 words per sentence

Question 33

katamba

Answer 33

argues inflectional morphemes and other grammatical features are acquired in a specific order and this is the same regardless of parental input

Question 34

inflectional morphemes and other grammatical features are learnt in order

Answer 34

1-6
present progressive, prepositions, simple plural, possessive, uncontracted copula, articles

7-12
regular past tense, 3rd person regular verbs, 3rd person irregular verbs, auxiliary verb, contracted copula, contracted auxiliary verb

Question 35

Hallidays functions

Answer 35

1. instrumental - show needs and desire
2. regulatory - gets people to do something
3. interactional - to interact with others
4. personal - explores feelings and identity
5. heuristic - explore world and environment
6. imaginative
7. representational - facts