child language development Flashcards
phonology
the study of sounds
spoken acquisition
how we gain and acquire language
phonemes
44 to describe sounds
voiced phonemes
vocal folds are vibrating
unvoiced phonemes
vocal folds aren’t vibrating
vocal tract
system where sounds are produced
places of articulation
- glottal stops - produced in glottis
- velar sounds - produced by tongue touching roof of mouth - ‘green’
- alveolar sounds - from tongue pressed against alveolar ridge - ‘teeth’
- palatal sounds - from tongue against hard palate
- dental sounds - produced using teeth - ‘this’
- palato alveolar sounds - post alveolar grouped into palatal - ‘shoe’
- labio dental sounds - made using teeth and lips - ‘five’
- bilabal sounds - made using both lips - ‘monkey’
articulators
parts of vocal tract which help to produce sounds
substitution
when a child changes one sounds for another
consonant cluster reduction
when a child reduces a set of consonants that are all together
assimilation
when a sounds later on in the word has an influence on other sounds in the word
deletion
child drops a consonant from a word when it’s surrounded on one or both sides by vowels
addition
when a child adds a consonant or vowel to a word
eg, dog - doggy
berko and brown
‘fis’ phenomenon
showed that comprehension precodes competency and proved that children can notice mistakes but not recognise that they’re making these mistakes
17 week old foetus development
can hear sounds in the womb
mehler - french babies
found they had a stranger reaction to French sounds at 4 days old than to English, Spanish or Italian - proved babies become accustomed to their native language before birth
stage 1 - biological noises
0-2 months
- involves a lot of crying
- child begins to gain control of air stream
- universal so parents of all nationalities can recognise the different types of crying
stage 2 - cooing and laughing
2-5 months
- see a control of vocal chords, sounds meaningless
- tongue control is evident when strung together
- eg. ‘coo’ ‘gaa’ ‘goo’
stage 3 - vocal play
5-8 months
- child begins to experiment with different vowel and consonant sounds
- play with pitch
- no meaning behind noises
- parents may respond positively to sounds so child may produce again
stage 4 - babbling
6-12 months
- happens for a long time, going into holophrastic stage
- consonants begin to get linked to vowels
- reduplication and variation
stage 5 - melodic utterances
9-18 months
- child lets out utterances containing rhythm
- tone developed
stage 6 - protowords
arounds 1 year
utterances which resemble words and are word like - wouldn’t make sense outside context of primary caregivers
phonemic expression
child tries as many new sounds as they can
gervain
published work which tested babies at 2 and 3 days old and discovered that brain activity peaked with reduplicated syllables
