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A Level English Language > Child Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Child Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main idea in piagets theory of cognitive development

A

children think in concrete terms and need names of objects to understand the world more

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2
Q

What are the 6 language functions in piagets theory

A

naming objects, describing using adjectives, expressing feelings, asking questions, getting attention, explaining needs

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3
Q

What is Noam Chomsky

A

a nativist

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4
Q

What device did Chomsky suggest

A

the innate ‘language acquisition device’ (LAD)

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5
Q

What term did Chomsky use for words that all babies use

A

universal grammar

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6
Q

What do non nativists argue

A

that the LAD assists rather than creates

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7
Q

What type of studies support Chomsky’s idea

A

feral child studies, genie and the critical period

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8
Q

What ages did Chomsky suggest is the critical period

A

2-7

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9
Q

What type of words do babies find easiest to pronounce

A

plosives as they can see the lips

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10
Q

What type of words do babies find hardest to pronounce

A

fricatives as you can’t see them

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11
Q

What is the difference between vowels and consonants

A

consonants have a obstruction

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12
Q

What types of phonemes do children acquire last

A

at 48+ months they get fricatives last as they require teeth

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13
Q

What did Berko and Brown do and find

A

used a plastic fish to stimulate convo’s with children
a fis!
is this your fis
no

a fis!
is this your fish
yes

finds that children are able to comprehend and understand sounds before they produce them

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14
Q

When are children’s first words

A

12 months

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15
Q

What is a first word also known as

A

proto word

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16
Q

What are early words usually about

A

content eg nouns

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17
Q

What is overextending

A

to give the name of 1 thing to many things

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18
Q

What is underextending

A

giving a word a narrower meaning than it has

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19
Q

What did Eve Clark find that makes children overextend

A

physical factors

features such as taste and sound

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20
Q

What are the three types of overextending according to rescorla

A

categorical, analogical, mismatch statements

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21
Q

What is categorical overextension

A

name of one member of the category to all in that category

apple for all round fruit

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22
Q

What is analogical overextension

A

a word for one thing is extended to a different category based on similar features
apple for a ball

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23
Q

What is mismatch statements

A

using a word for something random

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24
Q

What percentage of overextensions are categorical

A

60%

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25
What percentage of overextensions are analogical
15%
26
What percentage of overextensions are mismatch
25%
27
What are Aitchinson's 3 stages of lexical and semantic development
labelling packaging network building
28
What did Piaget emphasis with children's language learning
that they are active learners
29
Name Piaget's 4 stages of lexical development
Sensorimotor pre-operational concrete operational formal operational
30
What is the Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years old child experiences world through their senses lexical choices tend to be concrete rather than abstract
31
What is the pre-operational stage
2-7 years old language and motor skills become more complete language is ego-centric
32
What is the concrete operational stage
7-11 years old | children begin to think logically about concrete events
33
What is the formal operational stage
11+ years old | abstract reasoning skills develop
34
What is a hypernym
a word that is general and can have more specific words under it
35
What is a hyponym
a more specific word within a category or under a hypernym
36
Name 3 reasons why it is hard for children to learn grammar
irregular grammatical structures limited vocab poor grammar of parents
37
What does syntax allow children to do
order words and phrases | allows sentences to have different functions
38
What does morphological grammar allow children to do
add inflections to create tense
39
What is the difference between a free and bound morpheme
free - makes sense on its own | bound - doesn't make sense on its own
40
Explain the wug test by Jean Berko Gleaston
one wug two ? (wugs) children can attribute suitable suffix's to pseudo words can be done in any language therefore universal
41
What is mean length utterance
total number of morphemes divided by number of utterances | used because complexity of utterance is better represented by number of morphemes
42
What are Roger Brown's (1970) two word utterances
different combinations of two words that children use (look at table in chat)
43
What did Brown (1970) look at
the u shaped development in correct use of comparatives and superlatives found that children learn a rule, then over generalise a rule then learn the exceptions
44
How does Chomsky link to the u shape theory
they say things that they dont learn from adults such as feetsies so much have their own understanding of grammar
45
How many words makes the child in a telegraphic stage
3 or more words
46
What stages did Bellugi (1966) suggest children ask questions in
1 - rising intonation (bedtime?) 2 - inversion of auxillary verbs (are you coming) 3 - 'w' questions (where, who) 4 - tag questions
47
What order do children learn the w words in
What (want to learn things around you) Where Why When (concept of time yet to come)
48
What stages did Bellugi (1966) suggest children learn negations in
1 - no or not at the start of sentence 2 - no inside sentence 3 - attaches negative to auxiliary
49
What does Bellugi's negation stages not account for
doesnt account for inconsistencies and dialect variation
50
What stages did Bellugi (1966) suggest children acquire pronouns in
1 - uses name rather than pronoun 2 - recognise object and subject differences but don't use them consistently 3 - use correct pronouns consistently
51
What are the stages in Brown's grammatical development
holophrastic /one word two word telegraphic/three or more word post telegraphic (noticing irregularities)
52
Name 8 features of child directed speech
``` higher pitch more pronounced intonation simplified vocab repetition shorter utterances/simplified grammar concrete nouns exaggerated pauses childs name instead of pronouns ```
53
Name 3 physical characteristics that support CDS
actions that accompany speech more obvious lip and mouth movement exaggerated facial expressions
54
What does echoing mean
repeating what a child has said
55
What does recasting mean
phrasing sentences in different ways such as making it a question
56
What social factor can have an effect on CDS
differetn cultures
57
What culture did LeVine (1992) look into
Kenyan mothers found that they believe their children do not undertsand speech so do not interact with them or make eye contact until they are older
58
What study did Vihman do in 2019
individual acquisition paths
59
What does this study aim to show
that no two children acquire sounds or language at the same time
60
What did Vihman suggest were the three main factors affecting different development paths
individual differences linguistic input physiology of infant vocal tract
61
Why is the child an active learner in this study
as they learn language from their unique enironment
62
What is a word template
cause of regression in accuracy of words
63
What is locution
the literal meaning in pragmatics
64
What is ilocution
the implied meaning in pragmatics
65
What is perlocution
the perceived in prgamatics
66
What are Hallidays 7 functions of child language
``` instrumental regulatory interactional personal representative imaginative heuristic ```
67
What is instrumental function
fulfil a purpose
68
What is regulatory
influence behaviours of others
69
What is interactional
develop and maintain social relationships
70
What is personal
convey opinions and identity
71
What is representative
convey facts and info
72
What is imaginative
creating an imaginary world
73
What is heuristic
learn about the environment
74
What did Vygotsky (1978) say about play
that social interaction with others is crucial for development
75
What did Gray (1977) say about pretend play
that it can lead to vocabulary growth
76
Which role did Vygotsky emphasis
the caregiver as the more knowledgable other (MKO)
77
What does the MKO do
support and scaffold the child into the zone of proximal development (ZPD)
78
What theory did Bruner (1957) come up with
social interactionalist theory
79
What did Bruner believe
that lanuage is used to mediate between emotional stimuli and a persons response that children must learn language themselves through making sense of their environment
80
Who does Bruner go against
Chomsky | as Bruner is about environment and Chomsky is a a nativist
81
What are Bruners three models of representation
enactive, iconic, symbolic
82
Explain the enactive model
``` active based (0-1 years) witnessing actions and storing them in memory ```
83
Explain the iconic model
image based 1-6 years | stored in the mind visually
84
Explain the symbolic model
``` language based (7+ years) stored in the mind in symbols such as language ```
85
What is Bruner's scaffolding theory
builds on Vygotsky | believes that children need an adult to help them build on what they are learning
86
What does Tomasello believe with language
we dont need an innate ability | we need to comprehend intention to learn language
87
What is Tomasello's usage based theory
According to this theory language structure emerges from language use, and children build their language relying on their general cognitive skills
88
What are types of supportive language in CDS
re-casting and expansion

A Level English Language (4 decks)

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