Child Ind Div Adulthood Flashcards
What year was Schwartz’s?
1994
What year was the Picture Based Value Survey?
(During, 2010)
What duo are behind within the theory that within-culture forces account for the most variance between individuals in terms of values?
What year?
(Hint they were also behind the study’s which showed that value changes could occur after significant life events).
Bardi & Goodwin, 2011
Why are individual differences in values so important?
Values have a great influence on behaviour, thus individual differences in values are key in highlighting the diversity of behaviour.
Individual differences shown in adulthood can be related to….
The value accumulation process that STARTS in childhood
What is the structure of my essay?
1) Value transmission
2) Heritability (whilst considering the genotype - environment correlation)
3) How values can go from childhood motivations to concrete in adulthood.
Conclusion:
(Showing limitations)
1) Significant life events
2) Limited research - no vast amounts of longitudinal research, and critique of cross-sectional studies.
Value Transmission (from a child perspective) (the transmission of values)
1) They involve socialisations
2) The main study is by Roest et al (2009) - multidirectional approach.
3) He measured the values of “work as duty” and “hedonism” (individualistic value)
4) 5 year interval between - late adolescence & emerging childhood.
5) Fathers transmitted the valuation of “work as duty” regardless of family system levels - 1) flexible, 2) separated and 3) well connected families.
Who did the twin study to highlight heritability - particularly that ‘openness to change’ might be of significance in adulthood because of the genotype-environment correlation.
(Uzefovsky 2015) -
Use Haworth after to explain the genotype-environment correlation (Haworth, 2009) who showed heritability of general cognitive ability increases with age.
When environmental factors and genetic factors interact, this is know as?
Genotype-environment correlation
What is the special section period?
It’s the period from middle childhood to early adulthood
Value Stability - how is this being covered?
Introducing the special section, then mentioning the Ciechiuch study with Polish children aged 7-11 (on first measurement occasion of three measurement occasions). How that study suggesting the stability of the children’s value preferences increased with age.
Before mentioning the two Daniel studies (2014, 2015) on social justice values.
The first 1st study: middle childhood
The 2nd study: adolescence to early adulthood
1) Moral reasoning and sympathy at 6-9 were related to SJV values at 12 (ancestors)
2) Those who have DJV at adolescence see stability in the values into adulthood
Conclusion - 2 points?
How studying childhood can never be completely explanatory with regards to individual differences in values observed in adulthood - as values are CAN change (Bardi & Goodwin)
How does an effortful value change occur? Explain the process, and give an example.
Initial value changing event triggers a lot of thought, thus when challenged, the individual has such a VIVID recollection of the arguments for the value - causing a permanent change, e.g a smoking intervention.
Describe genotype-environment correlation
This is where as children grow, they increasingly SELECT, MODIFY, CREATE experiences based in part on genetic propensities.
