Child development: implications to occupational practice Flashcards
define child development
refers to the process through which human beings typically grow and mature, including physical, cognitive and psycho-social changes that occur from birth to adulthood.
describe growth as it applies to child development.
growth is the change of shape, form, structure and size of the body and is part of development; however it stops at maturation (end of puberty).
What is development?
Development is a wider, more comprehensive term, referring to overall changes in the individual.. (growth is an aspect of development).
Growth and development are products of what?
heredity and environment.
What was Gesell’s maturational theory?
realized the importance of both nature and nurture, but believed that development was mostly biological (heredity), not environmental.
What is a developmental milestone?
a set of functional skills or age specific tasks that most children can do by a specific age
What are the 5 major developmental domains of childhood?
cognitive, social/emotional, speech/language, self-help, motor (gross and fine)
define the cognitive domain of childhood development
- this is where children make sense of the world with their senses
- they develop thinking skills: learning, understanding, problem solving, reasoning and remembering
eg. a 3 month old learns to explore his environment with eyes and hands and a 4 year old begins to learn her abcs
who was Jean Piaget and what did he create?
responsible for our understanding of cognitive development theory
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years): knowledge of the world is limited to sensory perceptions and motor activities; behaviours are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli.
- Preoperational Stage (2-6 years): child learns to use language; does not understand logic or another’s pov; cannot mentally manipulate info.
- Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7-12): abstract concepts are still difficult but child begins to think logically about concrete events; ex: child can manipulate numbers but not do algebra
- Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood): skills include logical thought, deductive reasoning, systematic planning emerge.
What is the difference between speech and language?
speech= the motor ability to talk language= a rule guided way we communicate
What are the two subcategories of language?
Receptive language, expressive language
you can have both, none, one or the other
What is receptive language?
the ability to understand spoken language and follow directions.
What is expressive language?
the ability to communicate varbally, with written words, or with an alternative communication system.
define the social-emotional domain of development
- interaction with others, having relationships with family, friends and teachers, cooperating and responding to feelings of others,
- how they interact with others, including helping themselves and demonstrating self control
- making friends, showing anger, figuring out conflicts, taking care of someone who is hurt, waiting patiently, following rules, enjoying company
more obvious when kids are lacking or without these skills
What are Erickson’s 5 stages of social-emotional development? What is the principle of this theory
Principle: there is a conflict at every stage that needs to be resolved before we move on to the next stage; complexity increases with age.
- infancy (birth-18 months)
- early childhood (2-3 years)
- preschool (3–5)
- school age (6-11)
- Adolescence (12-18)
what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 1: Infancy?
a. trust vs mistrust
b. feeding
children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 2: Early childhood
a. Autonomy (wants to show independence) vs shame and doubt (which has a negative impact on identity).
b. toilet training
children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy; failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 3: preschool
a. initiative vs guilt
b. exploration
children need to begin to assert control and power over their environment. Success = sense of purpose. If children receive disapproval at this stage= sense of guilt.
what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 4: school age
a. industry (productivity) vs. inferiority
b. school
need is to cope with new social and academic demands. Success= a sense of competence, failure= feelings of inferiority.
what are the a. basic conflicts and b. important evens at stage 5: adolescence
a. identity vs role confusion
b. social relationships (what our friends think is more important than anything; we thrive when allowed to assert independance)
teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. success= an ability to stay true to yourself; failure= role confusion and a weak sense of self
What theory did John Bowlby create?
attachment theory
What does attachment theory suggest?
- children are born with an innate need to form attachments
- crying, cooing, babbling and smiling are done to capture the attention of adults, adults are biologically programmed to respond to infant signals
- ## early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life
What are the 4 phases of attachment?
- Birth-6 weeks: pre attachment (not quite yet ready to attach)
- 6 wks- 6-8 mnths: Attachment in the making
- 6-8mnths- 2 yrs: Clear cut- wants a secure attachment at this phase
- 18-24 months and on- Formation of Reciprocal Reltionships: give and take, playful games at this stage.
What is the self help domain of development? examples?
basic skills needed to take care of one’s own needs; some overlap with social-emotional development and fine motor domain.
ex: birth-6 months, comforting self with thumb or soother; 2/5 years- washes and dries hands, etc.
What is gross motor development?
using large muscle groups to sit, stand, walk and run, maintain balance and change position
when is the rolling from front to back (prone to supine) milestone?
5-8 months
when is the rolling back to front (supine to prone) milestone?
6-7 months
when do infants begin to sit independently in a tripod position?
5 months
when can they start to sit for extended periods of time hands free (still can’t turn to the side without losing balance)
6 months
when do they have enough trunk and hip control to turn and reach while sitting?
7 months
when do babies start crawling?
7-10 months
true or false, some babies never crawl and that is okay
true
when do first steps usually occur?
10-18 month; average is around 1st birthday
describe the difference between immature walking, elementary stage of walking and mature walking
immature walking: short steps, wide base of support, unpredictable balance, flat feet, high guard arms
elementary stage of walking: increased step length, arms down to side but limited swing, heel toe contact
mature walking: arm swing, narrow BOS, well-defined heel-toe contact
What is fine motor development?
childs ability to use small muscles (hands and fingers) to pick up small objects, hold a spoon, turn pages in a book or use a crayon to draw
- reaching, grasping, manipulating objects and using different tools like crayons and scissors
what is ULNAR-RADIAl progression?
it refers to the progression of grip in childhood development: ulnar-palmar grasp, radial-palmar grasp, radial-digital grasp, inferior pincer grasp, fine pincer grasp
** 6-12 months
what age is crude palmar grasp at?
4-5 months
what age is palmar grasp at?
5-6 months
what age is radial palmer grasp at?
6-7 months
what age is inferior pincer grasp at?
8-9 months
pu cheerios, fishy crackers, etc
what age is pincer grasp at?
10-12 months
What age does Cylindrical pencil grasp occur? (colouring with whole arm)
1-1.5 years
What age does digital pencil grasp occur?
2-3 years
What age does Modified tripod pencil grasp occur at?
3.5-4 years
what age does tripod pencil grasp occur?
4.5-7 years
what are the three primary theories of motor development?
- Neuromaturational/Hierarchical Theory
- Behavioural Theory
- Dynamic Systems Theory
Describe neuromaturational/hierarchical theory:
- Changes in motor development are due to changes in the CNS
- does not consider environment, all changes in movement are prescribed by the NS
- we move from uncontrolled reflexes to volitional/controlled movement
- the brain is the site of developmental control and the we only develop as our CNS matures
at what age does the ‘moro’ or startle reflex develop?
birth-3 months
at what age does the ‘placing’ or place foot on table reflex develop?
birth-6 weeks
at what age does the ‘stepping’ or weight-bear on ground= step reflex develop?
birth-6 weeks
at what age does the rooting reflex develop?
bb turns toward cheek rubbed
birth-4 months
at what age does the palmar grasp reflex develop?
birth-3 months
at what age does plantar grasp reflex develop?
birth-10 months
at what age does asymmetrical tonic neck reflex develop? (also what is it?)
2-6 months
fencing posture- arm ext/flex w neck rotation
at what age does parachute reflex devleop?
9 months to adulthood
- turn upside down, arms reach out as a protective mechanism
should reflexes continue past ‘normal’ development?
no, they should integrate otherwise they may inhibit occupational function.
What is behavioural theory?
- thinks that the environment is the most important component of motor and cognitive development :
- the environment is the site of developmental control
- developmental progress occurs through pavlovian responses to previous stimuli or on contingent learning with reinforcement from the environment
what is dynamic systems theory?
- nature and nurture: motor development results from an interaction subsystems within the person, task and environment.
- neural maturation is just one element within motor development
- biomech, sensory, psycho-social environments are also important components
What is an example of dynamic systems theory in action?
Back to sleep, tummy to play:
- babies need tummy time for development but it is risky to leave them on their tummies at night; so babies need to sleep on their backs and be on their tummies while under observation
What are the 3 principles of motor development?
- head to toe development: we get control of the head, then UE, then LE
- proximal-distal develoment: we get control of the trunk before the arms or legs.
- general to specific development
Why is it important for us to know the developmental motor milestones?
- motor delays in the 1st year may indicate global developmental delay
- MD in childhood may indicate undiagnosed developmental disability or disease
What are the functional implications of persistant asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
unable to bring arms to midline
what childhood occupations may be affected by delayed cognitive development
playing, understanding rules, academics, etc.
how might delayed MD interfere with function at school
writing, arts and crafts, playing at recess, PE/GYM, etc
Why is it important for us to know the developmental affective milestones?
- affective delays during early years may be tied to cognitive or social-emotional delays
Why is it important for us to know the developmental language milestones?
- receptive language delays may be indicative of cognitive delays but are easier to observe/measure
