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YR2: Reproduction, Ageing and Development > Child development > Flashcards

Child development Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Global impression of a child which encompasses growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills + more sophisticated responses + behaviour

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2
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental agents that cause congenital anomalies by interfering with fetal organogenesis, growth or cellular physiology or by disrupting previously normal tissue

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of antenatal teratogens

A

Maternal infections
Toxins e.g. alcohol
Drugs

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4
Q

Give 3 examples of postnatal teratogens

A

Infections e.g. meningitis, encephalitis
Metabolic disorders e.g. hypoglycaemia
Trauma

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5
Q

What are the 4 domains of the brain?

A

Gross motor + posture
Fine motor + vision
Language + hearing
Social, emotional + behaviour

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6
Q

In terms of development, what is a milestone?

A

Acquisition of a key performance skill

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7
Q

What is the pattern of development like between children?

A

Follows a constant pattern but there is variation in rate

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8
Q

In terms of development, what is the median age?

A

Age when half of a standard population of children achieve that level

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9
Q

In terms of development, what are limit ages?

A

Age by which they should have achieved= 2 SD from mean

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10
Q

What are the different stages of gross motor and posture development?

A

6 weeks- Raised head to 45 degrees in prone
6 months- Sits without support
9 months- Crawls
10 months- Cruises
12 months- Walks unsteadily (broad gait + hands apart)
18 months- walks steadily

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11
Q

What are primitive reflexes useful for?

A

Protective + survival value
Promote proper orientation
Promote postural support + balance

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12
Q

Name 5 primitive reflexes

A 
Stepping
Moro
Grasp
Asymmetric tonic reflex 
Rooting
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13
Q

What does fine motor and vision assess?

A

Hand function + hand-eye coordination

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14
Q

What are the stages of fine motor and vision development?

A

6 weeks- Follows moving object or face by turning head
6 months- Palmar grasp
9 months- Mature pincer grip
18 months- Builds basic tower

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15
Q

What are the stages of development for language and hearing?

A 
Newborn- Startles to noises
3 months- Turns to sound
6 months- Vocalisations
9 months- 2 syllable babble
12 months: 1-2 words
18 months- 6-12 words
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16
Q

What are the development stages for social behaviour and play?

A

6 months- Puts food in mouth
9 months- Waves bye, plays peek a boo
12 months- Imitates activities
18 months- Uses spoon

17
Q

Give a brief breakdown of ages of first steps:

A

25% by 11 months
50% by 12 months
97.5% by 18 months

18
Q

What is cerebral palsy? What are most cases caused by? List 3 associated problems

A

A disorder of movement + posture arising from a non-progressive lesion of the brain acquired before age 2
Antenatal
Learning difficulties, Epilepsy + Poor growth

19
Q

What does management of cerebral palsy aim to do?

A

Minimise spasticity + manage associated problems

20
Q

Describe the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder

A

3-6 per 1000

Boys > Girls

21
Q

List 3 features of Autism

A

Impaired social interaction
Speech + Language disorder
Imposition of routines with ritualistic + repetitive behaviour

22
Q

What 2 associated comorbidities are associated with autism?

A

Learning + attention difficulties

Epilepsy

23
Q

What is the management approach for Autism?

A

Intensive support for child + family

24
Q

List the diagnostic criteria for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A 
Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Lasting > 6 months
Commencing < 7 years + inconsistent with the Childs developmental level
25
Q

What are children with ADHD have increased risk of?

A

Conduct disorder
Anxiety disorder
Aggression

26
Q

Describe 4 management approaches for ADHD

A

Psychotherapy
Family therapy
Drugs
Diet

27
Q

What is the prevalence of moderate learning disability?

A

30 per 1000

28
Q

List 4 causes of learning disabilities

A

Chromosome disorders
Other identifiable syndromes
Postnatal cerebral insults
Metabolic or degenerative disease

29
Q

List 3 features of a child presenting with learning disabilities

A

Reduced intellectual functioning
Delay in early milestones
Dysmorphic features

30
Q

List 3 associated problems experienced by children with learning disabilities

A

Epilepsy
Sensory impairment
ADHD

31
Q

What is the management approach for children with learning disabilities?

A

Establishing a diagnosis + input from the MDT with long term follow-up

32
Q

What does abnormal development refer to?

A

Slow acquisition of skills, can follow 3 patterns:
Slow but steady
Plateau
Regression

33
Q

List 4 factors influencing developmental delay

A

Ill health
Reduced inherent potential
Sensory/ motor impairment
Lack of physical/ psychological stimuli

34
Q

How can developmental delay be classified?

A

Global

Specific (Language, motor, sensory or cognitive)

35
Q

List 5 commonly used assessment tools for developmental delay

A 
Standardised tests
Schedule of Growing Skills
Griffiths developmental scale
Bailey developmental scale
Denver developmental screening test
36
Q

What is assessed in a physical examination to determine developmental delay?

A 
Appearance
Growth
Hearing + vision
Skin
Genitalia
37
Q

What tests may be performed to determine developmental delay?

A 
FBC + Ferritin
TSH
Chromosomes
Lead
Ultrasound
CT/ MRI
38
Q

What are the 4 key objectives of management of developmental delay?

A

Maximise mobility
Minimise discomfort
Promote speech + language
Promote social + emotional health

39
Q

List 6 common features of developmental delay

A 
Delayed walker
Clumsy child
Delayed speech + language
Odd social interaction- ASD/Aspergers
Hyperactivity
Specific learning difficulties

YR2: Reproduction, Ageing and Development (9 decks)

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