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year 1 I+P > Child development > Flashcards

Child development Flashcards

1
Q

Who developed attachment theory and what is it?

A

John bowlby

Early life experiences strongly influence later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathology

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2
Q

pre attachment (age)

A

0-2 months

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3
Q

attachment in the making (age)

A

2-7 months

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4
Q

clear cut attachment (age)

A

7-24 months

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5
Q

goal corrected attachment (age)

A

24+ months

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6
Q

What was the Minnesota longitudinal study and what did it show?

A

250 children from mothers in poverty

at 5 years, insecurely attached infants were more:

  • teacher reliant
  • socially isolated
  • passive frustrated
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7
Q

Who carried out the strange situation experiment and what was the procedure?

A

Ainsworth

Procedure of experiment

1) mother&infant - infant explores while mother watches
2) mother, infant &stranger - stranger enters, talks to mum, plays with infant
3) infant&stranger - mother leaves, stranger interacts with infant
4) mother&infant - mother returns while stranger leaves
5) infant - infant left alone
6) infant&stranger - stranger enters and interacts
7) mother&infant - mother returns while stranger leaves

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8
Q

secure attachment

A

child stays close to mum, upset by leaving and greets positively, shows separation anxiety

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9
Q

insecure attachment: avoidant

A

avoids contact with mum on reunion, okay when left alone with strangeer

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10
Q

insecure attachment: resistant

A

upset when mum leaves, difficult to console, seeks comfort and resists

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11
Q

3 factors that form gender identity

A
  • prenatal hormones
  • development of genitalia
  • characteristics as assigned from parents
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12
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

rewards for masculine behavior and punishment for feminine behavior and individual imitating males all lead to development of gender identity

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13
Q

what is cognitive development theory?

A

a male identity will lead to male behaviour

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14
Q

what is gender identity and at what age does it occur?

A

knowing difference between a girl and a boy

age 2-3 years

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15
Q

what is gender stability and when does it occur?

A

perception of gender related future (I will be a mummy or daddy)

age 4 years

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16
Q

what is gender constancy and when does it occur?

A

understanding the notion that boys don’t become girls by wearing dresses’

age 4-5years

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17
Q

what is the gender similarities hypothesis

A

following 46 meta-analyses: clear difference only in throwing, sexuality and physical aggression. (research overlooks developmental trends, eg self esteem)

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18
Q

what is the definition of cognition and who came up with it?

A

Piaget

The mental processes by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used to solve problems - learning through action and a focus on how children think rather than what they know

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19
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage of development

A

6 sub stages - knowing surroundings by seeing and touching ‘knowing only by doing’

object permanence and recognition of self as agent of action

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20
Q

at what age does object permanence occur at?

A

8 months

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21
Q

what is the pre operational stage of cognitive development?

A

centration:

  • thinking about one idea at a time (while excluding others)
  • self-centered world view
  • difficulty taking another’s perspective (egocentrism)

demonstrate understanding of conservation of: mass, number and volume

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22
Q

what stage of cognitive development is exemplified in the 3 mountain problem

A

pre operational

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23
Q

what is the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A
  • consideration of information in a logical matter

- can only deal with real or imaginable occurrences

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24
Q

what is the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

A
  • considering alternatives and planning ahead
  • ability to systematically test a hypothesis
  • the basis of adult thinking
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25
Q

what are schemas?

A

theories about how the social and physical world operate

26
Q

what does assimilation mean? in terms of schemas

A

understanding a new object

27
Q

what does accommodation mean? in terms of schemas

A

modifying a schema

28
Q

what does operation mean? in terms of schemas

A

consideration of information in a logical manner

29
Q

what does conservation mean?

A

understanding that amount is unrelated to appearance

30
Q

what is/was iq?

A

was: (mental age/chronological age)*100
now: calculated from tables of standardised age scores

31
Q

what does weschler adult intelligence scale (wais) test?

A

verbal iq: (vocabulary, similarities information and digit span)

performance iq: (picture arrangement, matrix reasoning, block design and digit symbol coding)

32
Q

functions of ‘left brain’

A
  • complex language functions
  • complex logical activities
  • mathematical computations
33
Q

functions of ‘right brain’

A
  • simple language functions
  • spatial and pattern ability
  • emotional recognition
34
Q

4 factors of language

A
  • phonology
  • sematics
  • syntax
  • pragmatics
35
Q

what is phonology?

A

awareness of the sound of language, phonemes, combination rules for meaningful speech (eg st instead of sg)

36
Q

what is sematics?

A

meaning of words and sentences, understanding of morphemes (prefixes, suffixes and small words) - the small linguistic units that carry meaning

37
Q

what is syntax?

A

form of a structure of language (think yoda)

38
Q

what is pragmatics?

A

rules about language in social contexts ‘what to say and how you say it’ eg please and thank you

39
Q

define the 3 forms of vocalization that occur in the pre-linguistic period and at what age this period occurs

A

0 - 12 months

1) crying occurs in first 3-4 weeks
2) cooing accurs from week 3-5 onwards
3) babbling from 3-4 months onwards (addition of consonants and sound repetition, echolalia)

dialogue returned by caregivers: learn turn-taking intonation and that words have meaning

40
Q

at what age does understanding of true symbolic representation of objects occur?

A

18 months

41
Q

what does telegraphic speech mean and when does it occur?

A

eg more car, no bed

convey meaning but lack syntax and pragmatics

age 18-24 months

42
Q

at what age to children add verbs, compound sentences and past tense into their speech (but logical errors still occur)?

A

2 years +

43
Q

at what age do children display emergence of understanding of narrative?

(eg through interest in rhymes, songs, commentaries during play and pre sleep monolgues)

A

3-5 years

44
Q

what does a propositional mode of thought mean?

A

verbal language

45
Q

who thought language is learned? (via imitation and progressive reinforcement)

A

skinner

“think simpsons: skinner is a teacher, so all about learning”

46
Q

who thought language acquisition ability was present in all children through inheritance? (language acquisition device)

A

chomsky

47
Q

what methods help children learn a language?

A
  • joint involvement episodes
  • social input
  • use of 1 to 1 sessions
  • use of motherese (ie baby talk)
48
Q

what is the critical period hypothesis and who came up with it?

A

lenneberg

children before the age of 12 are; bilingual with no accent, can recover language after head injury, it is a sensitive but non critical period

49
Q

what brain structures are used when speaking a heard word? 4

A
  • motor area
  • broca’s area
  • primary auditory area
  • Wernicke’s area
50
Q

what brain structures are used when speaking a written word? 5

A
  • motor area
  • broca’s area
  • primary visual area
  • Wernicke’s area
  • angular gyrus
51
Q

what is aphasia?

A

a combination of speech and language disorders caused by damage to the brain

52
Q

what is expressive aphasia and what part of the brain is damaged to cause it?

A

damage to broca’s area

  • hesitant and difficulty finding words
  • comprehension largely impaired
53
Q

what is receptive aphasia and what part of the brain is damaged to cause it?

A

damage to Wernicke’s area

  • fluent grammatical speech with no content (language)
  • comprehension seriously impaired
54
Q

un convention on rights of children (what rights and when signed?) 17

A

1992

  • life
  • survival
  • development
  • views respected
  • best interests always considered
  • have a name
  • have a nationality
  • freedom of expression
  • access to info concerning them
  • live in a family environment or alternative care
  • have contact with both parents (where possible)
  • health and welfare rights (incl. for disabled kids)
  • healthcare
  • social security
  • education
  • leisure
  • culture and the arts
55
Q

in the uk, who has parental responsibilities?

A

the mum, from birth, and the dad, but only if he was married at the time of the birth

56
Q

What are the styles of parenting, as suggested by Baumrind?

A

authoritarian: strict ideas about discipline and behaviour that are non-negotiable
authoritative: ideas about discipline are explained and discussed with child
permissive: relaxed idea about behaviour and discipline

57
Q

What are the styles of parenting, as suggested by Maccoby and Martin?

A

demanding + responsive = authoritative

demanding + unresponsive = authoritarian

undemanding + responsive = permissive

undemanding + unresponsive = uninvolved

(demanding is behavioural control whereas responsiveness is psychological control)

58
Q

What is authoritative parenting, what sort of children does it lead to and who studied this?

A

parental acceptance and warmth, supervision and strictness and democracy and supporting autonomy

leads to: better academic achievement and more socially competent children

studied by: steinberg et al

59
Q

5 parenting guidelines

A

be united: adults support each other

be clear: rules and expectation in advance

be consistent: ‘no means no’, don’t allow kids to play parents off against each other

be flexible: rules may need to change as kids grow up

be loving: children need to know that you have their best interests at heart

60
Q

peer relationships at different ages

A

2-4 years: types of play are proportionate regarding solitary and in groups

5-6 years: more group play, play becomes sex segregated

12+ years: emergence of cliques and gangs

year 1 I+P (3 decks)

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