Child development Flashcards
Who developed attachment theory and what is it?
John bowlby
Early life experiences strongly influence later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathology
pre attachment (age)
0-2 months
attachment in the making (age)
2-7 months
clear cut attachment (age)
7-24 months
goal corrected attachment (age)
24+ months
What was the Minnesota longitudinal study and what did it show?
250 children from mothers in poverty
at 5 years, insecurely attached infants were more:
- teacher reliant
- socially isolated
- passive frustrated
Who carried out the strange situation experiment and what was the procedure?
Ainsworth
Procedure of experiment
1) mother&infant - infant explores while mother watches
2) mother, infant &stranger - stranger enters, talks to mum, plays with infant
3) infant&stranger - mother leaves, stranger interacts with infant
4) mother&infant - mother returns while stranger leaves
5) infant - infant left alone
6) infant&stranger - stranger enters and interacts
7) mother&infant - mother returns while stranger leaves
secure attachment
child stays close to mum, upset by leaving and greets positively, shows separation anxiety
insecure attachment: avoidant
avoids contact with mum on reunion, okay when left alone with strangeer
insecure attachment: resistant
upset when mum leaves, difficult to console, seeks comfort and resists
3 factors that form gender identity
- prenatal hormones
- development of genitalia
- characteristics as assigned from parents
what is social learning theory?
rewards for masculine behavior and punishment for feminine behavior and individual imitating males all lead to development of gender identity
what is cognitive development theory?
a male identity will lead to male behaviour
what is gender identity and at what age does it occur?
knowing difference between a girl and a boy
age 2-3 years
what is gender stability and when does it occur?
perception of gender related future (I will be a mummy or daddy)
age 4 years
what is gender constancy and when does it occur?
understanding the notion that boys don’t become girls by wearing dresses’
age 4-5years
what is the gender similarities hypothesis
following 46 meta-analyses: clear difference only in throwing, sexuality and physical aggression. (research overlooks developmental trends, eg self esteem)
what is the definition of cognition and who came up with it?
Piaget
The mental processes by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used to solve problems - learning through action and a focus on how children think rather than what they know
what is the sensorimotor stage of development
6 sub stages - knowing surroundings by seeing and touching ‘knowing only by doing’
object permanence and recognition of self as agent of action
at what age does object permanence occur at?
8 months
what is the pre operational stage of cognitive development?
centration:
- thinking about one idea at a time (while excluding others)
- self-centered world view
- difficulty taking another’s perspective (egocentrism)
demonstrate understanding of conservation of: mass, number and volume
what stage of cognitive development is exemplified in the 3 mountain problem
pre operational
what is the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
- consideration of information in a logical matter
- can only deal with real or imaginable occurrences
what is the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
- considering alternatives and planning ahead
- ability to systematically test a hypothesis
- the basis of adult thinking
what are schemas?
theories about how the social and physical world operate
what does assimilation mean? in terms of schemas
understanding a new object
what does accommodation mean? in terms of schemas
modifying a schema
what does operation mean? in terms of schemas
consideration of information in a logical manner
what does conservation mean?
understanding that amount is unrelated to appearance
what is/was iq?
was: (mental age/chronological age)*100
now: calculated from tables of standardised age scores
what does weschler adult intelligence scale (wais) test?
verbal iq: (vocabulary, similarities information and digit span)
performance iq: (picture arrangement, matrix reasoning, block design and digit symbol coding)
functions of ‘left brain’
- complex language functions
- complex logical activities
- mathematical computations
functions of ‘right brain’
- simple language functions
- spatial and pattern ability
- emotional recognition
4 factors of language
- phonology
- sematics
- syntax
- pragmatics
what is phonology?
awareness of the sound of language, phonemes, combination rules for meaningful speech (eg st instead of sg)
what is sematics?
meaning of words and sentences, understanding of morphemes (prefixes, suffixes and small words) - the small linguistic units that carry meaning
what is syntax?
form of a structure of language (think yoda)
what is pragmatics?
rules about language in social contexts ‘what to say and how you say it’ eg please and thank you
define the 3 forms of vocalization that occur in the pre-linguistic period and at what age this period occurs
0 - 12 months
1) crying occurs in first 3-4 weeks
2) cooing accurs from week 3-5 onwards
3) babbling from 3-4 months onwards (addition of consonants and sound repetition, echolalia)
dialogue returned by caregivers: learn turn-taking intonation and that words have meaning
at what age does understanding of true symbolic representation of objects occur?
18 months
what does telegraphic speech mean and when does it occur?
eg more car, no bed
convey meaning but lack syntax and pragmatics
age 18-24 months
at what age to children add verbs, compound sentences and past tense into their speech (but logical errors still occur)?
2 years +
at what age do children display emergence of understanding of narrative?
(eg through interest in rhymes, songs, commentaries during play and pre sleep monolgues)
3-5 years
what does a propositional mode of thought mean?
verbal language
who thought language is learned? (via imitation and progressive reinforcement)
skinner
“think simpsons: skinner is a teacher, so all about learning”
who thought language acquisition ability was present in all children through inheritance? (language acquisition device)
chomsky
what methods help children learn a language?
- joint involvement episodes
- social input
- use of 1 to 1 sessions
- use of motherese (ie baby talk)
what is the critical period hypothesis and who came up with it?
lenneberg
children before the age of 12 are; bilingual with no accent, can recover language after head injury, it is a sensitive but non critical period
what brain structures are used when speaking a heard word? 4
- motor area
- broca’s area
- primary auditory area
- Wernicke’s area
what brain structures are used when speaking a written word? 5
- motor area
- broca’s area
- primary visual area
- Wernicke’s area
- angular gyrus
what is aphasia?
a combination of speech and language disorders caused by damage to the brain
what is expressive aphasia and what part of the brain is damaged to cause it?
damage to broca’s area
- hesitant and difficulty finding words
- comprehension largely impaired
what is receptive aphasia and what part of the brain is damaged to cause it?
damage to Wernicke’s area
- fluent grammatical speech with no content (language)
- comprehension seriously impaired
un convention on rights of children (what rights and when signed?) 17
1992
- life
- survival
- development
- views respected
- best interests always considered
- have a name
- have a nationality
- freedom of expression
- access to info concerning them
- live in a family environment or alternative care
- have contact with both parents (where possible)
- health and welfare rights (incl. for disabled kids)
- healthcare
- social security
- education
- leisure
- culture and the arts
in the uk, who has parental responsibilities?
the mum, from birth, and the dad, but only if he was married at the time of the birth
What are the styles of parenting, as suggested by Baumrind?
authoritarian: strict ideas about discipline and behaviour that are non-negotiable
authoritative: ideas about discipline are explained and discussed with child
permissive: relaxed idea about behaviour and discipline
What are the styles of parenting, as suggested by Maccoby and Martin?
demanding + responsive = authoritative
demanding + unresponsive = authoritarian
undemanding + responsive = permissive
undemanding + unresponsive = uninvolved
(demanding is behavioural control whereas responsiveness is psychological control)
What is authoritative parenting, what sort of children does it lead to and who studied this?
parental acceptance and warmth, supervision and strictness and democracy and supporting autonomy
leads to: better academic achievement and more socially competent children
studied by: steinberg et al
5 parenting guidelines
be united: adults support each other
be clear: rules and expectation in advance
be consistent: ‘no means no’, don’t allow kids to play parents off against each other
be flexible: rules may need to change as kids grow up
be loving: children need to know that you have their best interests at heart
peer relationships at different ages
2-4 years: types of play are proportionate regarding solitary and in groups
5-6 years: more group play, play becomes sex segregated
12+ years: emergence of cliques and gangs
