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year 1 I+P > Child development > Flashcards

Child development Flashcards

1
Q

Who developed attachment theory and what is it?

A

John bowlby

Early life experiences strongly influence later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathology

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2
Q

pre attachment (age)

A

0-2 months

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3
Q

attachment in the making (age)

A

2-7 months

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4
Q

clear cut attachment (age)

A

7-24 months

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5
Q

goal corrected attachment (age)

A

24+ months

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6
Q

What was the Minnesota longitudinal study and what did it show?

A

250 children from mothers in poverty

at 5 years, insecurely attached infants were more:

  • teacher reliant
  • socially isolated
  • passive frustrated
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7
Q

Who carried out the strange situation experiment and what was the procedure?

A

Ainsworth

Procedure of experiment

1) mother&infant - infant explores while mother watches
2) mother, infant &stranger - stranger enters, talks to mum, plays with infant
3) infant&stranger - mother leaves, stranger interacts with infant
4) mother&infant - mother returns while stranger leaves
5) infant - infant left alone
6) infant&stranger - stranger enters and interacts
7) mother&infant - mother returns while stranger leaves

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8
Q

secure attachment

A

child stays close to mum, upset by leaving and greets positively, shows separation anxiety

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9
Q

insecure attachment: avoidant

A

avoids contact with mum on reunion, okay when left alone with strangeer

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10
Q

insecure attachment: resistant

A

upset when mum leaves, difficult to console, seeks comfort and resists

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11
Q

3 factors that form gender identity

A
  • prenatal hormones
  • development of genitalia
  • characteristics as assigned from parents
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12
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

rewards for masculine behavior and punishment for feminine behavior and individual imitating males all lead to development of gender identity

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13
Q

what is cognitive development theory?

A

a male identity will lead to male behaviour

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14
Q

what is gender identity and at what age does it occur?

A

knowing difference between a girl and a boy

age 2-3 years

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15
Q

what is gender stability and when does it occur?

A

perception of gender related future (I will be a mummy or daddy)

age 4 years

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16
Q

what is gender constancy and when does it occur?

A

understanding the notion that boys don’t become girls by wearing dresses’

age 4-5years

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17
Q

what is the gender similarities hypothesis

A

following 46 meta-analyses: clear difference only in throwing, sexuality and physical aggression. (research overlooks developmental trends, eg self esteem)

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18
Q

what is the definition of cognition and who came up with it?

A

Piaget

The mental processes by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used to solve problems - learning through action and a focus on how children think rather than what they know

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19
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage of development

A

6 sub stages - knowing surroundings by seeing and touching ‘knowing only by doing’

object permanence and recognition of self as agent of action

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20
Q

at what age does object permanence occur at?

A

8 months

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21
Q

what is the pre operational stage of cognitive development?

A

centration:

  • thinking about one idea at a time (while excluding others)
  • self-centered world view
  • difficulty taking another’s perspective (egocentrism)

demonstrate understanding of conservation of: mass, number and volume

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22
Q

what stage of cognitive development is exemplified in the 3 mountain problem

A

pre operational

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23
Q

what is the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A
  • consideration of information in a logical matter

- can only deal with real or imaginable occurrences

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24
Q

what is the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

A
  • considering alternatives and planning ahead
  • ability to systematically test a hypothesis
  • the basis of adult thinking
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25
what are schemas?
theories about how the social and physical world operate
26
what does assimilation mean? in terms of schemas
understanding a new object
27
what does accommodation mean? in terms of schemas
modifying a schema
28
what does operation mean? in terms of schemas
consideration of information in a logical manner
29
what does conservation mean?
understanding that amount is unrelated to appearance
30
what is/was iq?
was: (mental age/chronological age)*100 now: calculated from tables of standardised age scores
31
what does weschler adult intelligence scale (wais) test?
verbal iq: (vocabulary, similarities information and digit span) performance iq: (picture arrangement, matrix reasoning, block design and digit symbol coding)
32
functions of 'left brain'
- complex language functions - complex logical activities - mathematical computations
33
functions of 'right brain'
- simple language functions - spatial and pattern ability - emotional recognition
34
4 factors of language
- phonology - sematics - syntax - pragmatics
35
what is phonology?
awareness of the sound of language, phonemes, combination rules for meaningful speech (eg st instead of sg)
36
what is sematics?
meaning of words and sentences, understanding of morphemes (prefixes, suffixes and small words) - the small linguistic units that carry meaning
37
what is syntax?
form of a structure of language (think yoda)
38
what is pragmatics?
rules about language in social contexts 'what to say and how you say it' eg please and thank you
39
define the 3 forms of vocalization that occur in the pre-linguistic period and at what age this period occurs
0 - 12 months 1) crying occurs in first 3-4 weeks 2) cooing accurs from week 3-5 onwards 3) babbling from 3-4 months onwards (addition of consonants and sound repetition, echolalia) dialogue returned by caregivers: learn turn-taking intonation and that words have meaning
40
at what age does understanding of true symbolic representation of objects occur?
18 months
41
what does telegraphic speech mean and when does it occur?
eg more car, no bed convey meaning but lack syntax and pragmatics age 18-24 months
42
at what age to children add verbs, compound sentences and past tense into their speech (but logical errors still occur)?
2 years +
43
at what age do children display emergence of understanding of narrative? (eg through interest in rhymes, songs, commentaries during play and pre sleep monolgues)
3-5 years
44
what does a propositional mode of thought mean?
verbal language
45
who thought language is learned? (via imitation and progressive reinforcement)
skinner "think simpsons: skinner is a teacher, so all about learning"
46
who thought language acquisition ability was present in all children through inheritance? (language acquisition device)
chomsky
47
what methods help children learn a language?
- joint involvement episodes - social input - use of 1 to 1 sessions - use of motherese (ie baby talk)
48
what is the critical period hypothesis and who came up with it?
lenneberg children before the age of 12 are; bilingual with no accent, can recover language after head injury, it is a sensitive but non critical period
49
what brain structures are used when speaking a heard word? 4
- motor area - broca's area - primary auditory area - Wernicke's area
50
what brain structures are used when speaking a written word? 5
- motor area - broca's area - primary visual area - Wernicke's area - angular gyrus
51
what is aphasia?
a combination of speech and language disorders caused by damage to the brain
52
what is expressive aphasia and what part of the brain is damaged to cause it?
damage to broca's area - hesitant and difficulty finding words - comprehension largely impaired
53
what is receptive aphasia and what part of the brain is damaged to cause it?
damage to Wernicke's area - fluent grammatical speech with no content (language) - comprehension seriously impaired
54
un convention on rights of children (what rights and when signed?) 17
1992 - life - survival - development - views respected - best interests always considered - have a name - have a nationality - freedom of expression - access to info concerning them - live in a family environment or alternative care - have contact with both parents (where possible) - health and welfare rights (incl. for disabled kids) - healthcare - social security - education - leisure - culture and the arts
55
in the uk, who has parental responsibilities?
the mum, from birth, and the dad, but only if he was married at the time of the birth
56
What are the styles of parenting, as suggested by Baumrind?
authoritarian: strict ideas about discipline and behaviour that are non-negotiable authoritative: ideas about discipline are explained and discussed with child permissive: relaxed idea about behaviour and discipline
57
What are the styles of parenting, as suggested by Maccoby and Martin?
demanding + responsive = authoritative demanding + unresponsive = authoritarian undemanding + responsive = permissive undemanding + unresponsive = uninvolved (demanding is behavioural control whereas responsiveness is psychological control)
58
What is authoritative parenting, what sort of children does it lead to and who studied this?
parental acceptance and warmth, supervision and strictness and democracy and supporting autonomy leads to: better academic achievement and more socially competent children studied by: steinberg et al
59
5 parenting guidelines
be united: adults support each other be clear: rules and expectation in advance be consistent: 'no means no', don't allow kids to play parents off against each other be flexible: rules may need to change as kids grow up be loving: children need to know that you have their best interests at heart
60
peer relationships at different ages
2-4 years: types of play are proportionate regarding solitary and in groups 5-6 years: more group play, play becomes sex segregated 12+ years: emergence of cliques and gangs

year 1 I+P (3 decks)

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