Child Development

Question 1

Cognitive stages of development

Answer 1

Sensory motor (0-2yrs)
Object permanence
Knowledge of world through movements and sensations

Pre-operational (2-7yrs)
Language, role play, egocentrism, pain is global

Concrete operational (7-11yrs)
Start of Logical thinking, understanding conservation concepts

Formal operational stage (12+)
Deductive reasoning, understanding abstract ideas

Question 2

Tips with children

Answer 2

Toys and teddies
Make app interesting
Force choice qu
At their level

Question 3

4 components of development

Answer 3

Physical - maturation of body structures
Motor - attainment of skills
Cognitive - growth of intellectual functioning
Social - dealing with others

Question 4

Nature and development

Answer 4

Genetic effects hormonal development
Genetic risk factors ( variants in IRF6 gene contribute to syndromic / non -s forms of CL/P)
Gene expression

Question 5

Nurture and development

Answer 5

Changes according - age, stage, culture and SE status.
Sensitive periods - development, language
Environment facilitates development
More stimulation = more neuronal development

Question 6

Fearful reactions

Answer 6

7-10 months
Stranger anxiety decreases after 2 years
Separation anxiety less frequent during pre school (crying,clingy, withdrawn)

Question 7

Overcoming anxiety

Answer 7

Less intrusive - let child set pace
Don’t separate from mum - let child sit on lap
Social and referencing lap -carer positive with dentist
Make setting homely - toys and posters

Question 8

Behavioural disorders

Answer 8

ADHD 5-10%
Poor OH, inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
Most common disorder, less communication and focus
More boys (girls undiagnosed)

Learning difficulties 1-2%

Autism spectrum 1%

Question 9

Behaviour management in children

Answer 9

Pharmacology - sedation
Aversion - voice control, restraint
Communication - STOP signals, non-verbal
Desensitisation - tell show do, explain, distract, modelling
Reinforcement - +VE verbal, rewards

Question 10

Child abuse

Answer 10

When an adult harms a child or a young person less than 18 years old

Question 11

Duty of care to report abuse to….

Answer 11

Supervisor
Colleague
Assess likelihood of harm
Refer to social services and back up within 48hrs of writing

Question 12

Who is abused?

Answer 12

Children who..

Defiant
Unresponsive
Hyperactive
Unwell
Look different

Question 13

Who abuses?

Answer 13

Those stronger physiological reactions to social stigmas

Those who were abused/neglected - interpret distress as criticism and rejection

Question 14

Hidden disabilities

Answer 14

Schizophrenia: xerostomia, hyper salivation
OCD: tooth wear and high levels anxiety
Bipolar disorder: perio, xerostomia, poor OH, calculus caries
PICA: persistent intake of non-nutritive substances
Abnormal appetite for for food ingredients
Trauma to soft tissue, tooth wear

Question 15

Eating disorders

Answer 15

Prayer willi
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa

…. Erosion and parotid hypertrophy

Question 16

3 types of learning

Answer 16

Classical conditioning - Pavlov. Participant not active
Operant conditioning - cocaine rats. Participant active.
Social learning - copying adults

Question 17

Behaviours associated with fear

Answer 17

Crying loudly
Hands over mouth
Moving hand
Shaking legs
Legs up and down
Body left and right