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#Psychology Year 2 > Child > Flashcards

Child Flashcards

1
Q

A01 bowlby/ attachment

A

Beneficial for survival so we have adapted to have them
Social releasers cause parents to care
Critical period- 6 month - 2.5 years
Monotropy- bowlby- bond between mother and baby
Secure and safe- we form attachments as a safe base
IWM- schema for future relationships

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2
Q

A03 strengths for attachment/ bowlby

A

Lorenz- baby geese and critical period
Harlow- shows deprivation
Bowlby- 44 theives shows seperation causes crime
Useful for day cares and hospitals

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3
Q

A03 weaknesses for attachment/ bowlby

A

Hard to test evolutionary theories
Animal studies do not always apply
Treated deprivation and privation similarly even though they are different
Focused on seperation rather then reasons for seperation
Socially sensitive

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4
Q

What is deprivation

A

Loss of primary care giver
Attachment formed and broken
ST or LT
Long term can be irreversible

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5
Q

What are the causes of deprivation

A

Daycare
Death
Divorce
Hospitalisation

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6
Q

What are the stages of short term deprivation

A

Protest
Despair
Detachment

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7
Q

What is protest in short term deprivation

A

Children show great distress, crying for absent caregiver

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8
Q

What is despair in STD

A

Children become calmer but show little interest in anything. Uninterested in other activities

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9
Q

What is the detachment stage of STD

A

Children appear to have coped, but more emotionally unresponsive, avoid new attachments

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10
Q

Long term deprivation features

A

Bowlby believes must have constant contact for first two years
Any breaking causes damage to intellectual, social and personality
Poor internal working model
Permanent and irreversible

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11
Q

What are the ways of reducing deprivation

A 
Provide substitute figure 
Daycares provide single figure to attach too 
Reduce time away from attachment figure
Less time in daycare
Minimise conflict if divorce 
Maintain contact with old partners
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12
Q

Deprivation evaluation (strengths)

A

+Bowlby is supporting evidence, more thieves had broken monotropic bond
+ spitz showed institutionalised people can suffer depression when in orphanage
+Goldfarb early fostering can still mean someone is stable

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13
Q

Evaluation of deprivation ( weakness)

A

Blames parents for neglect
Bowlby emphasised Role of Single caregiver is not like real life
Daycare improved social skills which does not agree with hypothesis
Robertson- suggested we can recover from long term deprivation

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14
Q

What is privation

A

Lack of an attachment figure
Attachment never formed
Cases of severe neglect like genie. Never had opportunity to bond in first place

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15
Q

What was ainsworths study called

A

Strange situation

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16
Q

What is the procedure for ainsworth

A

Structured observation in lab ( tinted glass so not seen)
3m play session
Mother and child together,stranger come in and interacts with child, mother leaves, stranger anxiety measured, mother returns, reaction measured again, stranger leaves, mother leaves and stranger returns

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17
Q

What were Ainsworth’s results

A

Secure -70%- distress when alone, high Sep anxiety, easily comforted
Insecure avoidant-20%- no stranger anxiety, no seperation anxiety, no comfort
Insecure resistant-10%~ strange anxiety, lots of seperation anxiety, difficulties comforting

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18
Q

What are ainsworths conclusion I

A

Different types of attachment

Caused by responsiveness to the parent

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19
Q

Ainsworth strengths

A

Lab setting- no extraneous variables
Highly standardised
Ethical- parents can leave if child gets too distressed
Low demand characteristics
Many observers judge High inter rater reliability

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20
Q

Ainsworth weaknesses

A

staged low EV
distressing to children
does not account for individual differences
strange situation is distressing for japanese children
not appropriate for those already in daycare

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21
Q

Can privation be overcome +

A

genie- could be learning difficulties which caused irreversibility
sleep spindle= mr from birth
freud- concentration camp survivours recovered
czech twins recovered after good care

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22
Q

can privation be overcome -

A

Genie showed poor outcome compared to czech twins- could be lack of twin
czech twins only reversible because it was a young age
freud’s study is unique not generalisable
curtis grammar never improved beyond a toddler

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23
Q

what is cross cultural research

A

conduct same procedure across cultures and compare
sees whether universal and nature/nurture
better appreciation of impact of culture such as child rearing
conducting in different cultures ensures high generalisability

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24
Q

what are the strengths of cross cultural research

A

allows us to see whether something is genetic or environmental
if universal then it is likely to be nature
reduces ethnocentrism
better generalisability
can suggest better ways to measure behaviours across cultures

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25
Q

what are the weaknesses of cross cultural research

A

research tools may not apply- ie strange situation was designed for US children
may impose what behaviour we see as normal
may overlook cultural differences
subcultures arent generalised

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26
Q

what are the features of autism

A

75% are male-developmental disorder
autism is on a spectrum, aspergers is at the bottom
people with autism find difficulty forming relationships
10% have a really good specific ability

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27
Q

what is common among people with autism

A

delayed speech and language
lack of eye contact
unresponsiveness
repetitve and ritualistic behaviour

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28
Q

what are the explanations of autism

A

extreme male brain

theory of mind

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29
Q

what is the extreme male brain theory of autism

A

prenatal exposure to testosterone
brains become more masculinised
less connected corpus callosum- features in men which are more extreme in autism
men are more likely to be systemisers- liking patterns rules and organisation

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30
Q

EMB explains behaviours and features like

A 
difficulties understanding emotion
males more common then females
play involves stacking and lining 
love of routine
delayed speech- males develop speech slower
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31
Q

EMB strengths

A

Falter- those with ASD done better at mental rotation tasks
Empirical and scientific
useful and has face validity
wen and wen- Traits linked to anti social personality which more men have

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32
Q

EMB weaknesses

A

Falter found no correspondance between finger ratio and ability to complete tasks
could be impairment in theory of mind
cause and effect- which way round emb cause testosterone or vice versa
may not be full picture as we don’t see other effects like hightened aggression

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33
Q

What is the cognitive theory of autism

A

Theory of mind

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34
Q

describe how TOM explains autism

A

autism caused by cognitive deficit
impaired theory of mind - poor ability to have world perspective
develops 2-3 years old but those with autism have impaired
sally anne test

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35
Q

what behaviours does TOM explain

A

difficulties explaining peoples emotions
delayed speech less purpose of speech at young age so delayed
explains when we see onset of autism

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36
Q

TOM strengths

A

sally anne test supports as those with autism found it hard to predict the behaviour
baron cohen test showed those with autism were less able to identify emotions
Osterling and Dawson- children who were later diagnosed as autistic paid less attention to peoples faces

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37
Q

TOM weaknesses

A

Biological explanation makes this less credible
not empirical
cause and effect
does not explain to male and female ratio
Sheeran et al - high functioining teenage autistics had little different in theory of mind

38
Q

what are the two treatments of autism

A

CBT and ABA

39
Q

CBT for autism description

A

works on reducing anxiety felt by children with autism
based on exploring and getting rid of a child with autisms faulty thoughts
learn skills to deal with stressful situations
1:1 with therapist
CBT tailored to focus on social coaching

40
Q

CBT for autism strengths

A

Wood-anxiety from autistic people greatly reduced 78%
individual based therapy
teaches skills so it is a long lasting
gives more control of therapy then aba

41
Q

CBT for autism weaknesses

A

Children may struggle with verbal nature of the therapy
costly and time consuming
mainly designed for anxiety related to autism

42
Q

what is the ABA therpay for autism

A

based upon ABC model- all behaviour has an action that triggers it
often done in descrete trail training- good for teaching life skills
ABA involves breaking down complex things into small steps
effective ways of interaction is shown and rewarded, based on operant conditioning
no reinforcement for poor behaviour

43
Q

ABA strengths

A

lovas- 47% acheive normal educational functioning
can involve parents and others continue training outside therapy
can be used for variation of behaviour
individually tailored for each child

44
Q

ABA weaknesses

A

only shown benefit for short period after
ABA behaviour may go extinct
may not generalise to other situations
social control- what society deems as acceptable
warren et al- 90 studies were poor quality ABA

45
Q

What is cross cultural research

A

Conducting study in multiple countries
Comparisons to test nature nurture
Allows to see impact of culture and generalisability
Can suggest more suitable tools to measure behaviour

46
Q

What are the strengths of cross culture research

A

Allows to test for biological and evolutionary causes
Reduces ethnocentric bias In research
Can suggest different tools to measure behaviour
Generalisable less ethnocentric

47
Q

What are the weaknesses of Cross culture research

A

Research tools may not apply ( strange situation designed for US not other kids )
May have imposed Etic
May overlook cultural differences
Subcultures May not be represented in sample

48
Q

What were the results of strange situation in different countries

A

USA - S 70% A 20 R 10%
Israel- 37% 13. 50
Germany- 33. 49. 18
Japan- 68. 0. 32

49
Q

What was the aim of van ijzendoorn

A

To see if there are variations in attachment between cultures using the strange situation via meta analysis score across 8 cultures

50
Q

What is cross cultural research

A

Conducting study in multiple countries
Comparisons to test nature nurture
Allows to see impact of culture and generalisability
Can suggest more suitable tools to measure behaviour

51
Q

What are the strengths of cross culture research

A

Allows to test for biological and evolutionary causes
Reduces ethnocentric bias In research
Can suggest different tools to measure behaviour
Generalisable less ethnocentric

52
Q

What are the weaknesses of Cross culture research

A

Research tools may not apply ( strange situation designed for US not other kids )
May have imposed Etic
May overlook cultural differences
Subcultures May not be represented in sample

53
Q

What were the results of strange situation in different countries

A

USA - S 70% A 20 R 10%
Israel- 37% 13. 50
Germany- 33. 49. 18
Japan- 68. 0. 32

54
Q

What was the aim of van ijzendoorn

A

To see if there are variations in attachment between cultures using the strange situation via meta analysis score across 8 cultures

55
Q

what was miyakes findings (Japan)

A

68%- secure

32%- Insecure

56
Q

what was Grossman and Grossman findings (Germany)

A

33% secure
49% avoidant
18% insecure

57
Q

what was the aim of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

to see whether there were vicarious in attachments between cultures using strange situation.via analysis across 8 cultures. also looking for differences within a culture

58
Q

what was the sample of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

32 strange situation studies from 8 cultures, 1900 children in total. none with special needs

59
Q

what was the procedure of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

meta analysis using secondary data
32 strange situation studies
only used studies with 3 main attachment types
procedure of strange situation

60
Q

what were the results of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

secure attachments most common form
highest in UK
avoidant most common in Germany
differences within cultures

61
Q

strengths of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg

A 
secondary data allows for larger amounts 
compare and look for trends patterns
large sample size
not ethnocentric
cross culture is useful 
ev limited
62
Q

weaknesses of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg

A 
publication bias could be a problem because studies get published
too much focus on US
some had anomalies 
only mono tropic bond 
reductionist
63
Q

what is daycare

A

consists of family members looking after a child, sending to child minders or nursery
there are rules and regulations enforced by ofsted.

64
Q

what was the contemporary study in child

A

Li

65
Q

what was the aim of Li

A

to see the effects on cognitive, language and pre academic skills in children who received either high or low quality care at infant toddler pre-school level

66
Q

procedure of li

A

use of secondary data
1364 families, from North America
assessed 6,15,24,36, 54 months ORCE assessment
scores more the 3.0 indicate high q care

67
Q

what was controlled in li

A 
ethnicity
gender
birth order
child temperament 
maternal attitudes
68
Q

what were results of Li

A 
early H- good cognitive. no effect on memory 
HH- best at everything 
LL- worst outcomes
LH- better then HL
maths is most affected
69
Q

strengths of li

A 
large sample size 1364 children, 10 different locations
several methods used triangulation 
longitudinal
EVs eliminated
quantitative data 
useful judgements
70
Q

weaknesses of Li

A 
secondary data from NICHD, may not be perfect 
Reduces quality of care to number scale 
can't eliminate EVs 
ethnocentric 
only looked at cognitive academic
71
Q

what is the Child key question

A

what should parents consider before sending to daycare

72
Q

why is daycare an issue A01

A

many parents need to go back to work after the birth of a child
consists of various different things each family or nursery
childminders and nursery nurses are qualified, whereas you know family members
parents may worry about daycare quality

73
Q

what should parents consider in daycare A02

A

child to staff ratio
staff are highly qualified
full time daycare can be negative
key workers provide another attachment figure

74
Q

what are the strengths of daycare

A

Li and her findings
EPPE project found children benefit socially
Clarke Stewart- those who went to nurseries better at dealing with social situations
shea children more sociable longer they were in nursery

75
Q

what are the weaknesses of daycare

A

NICHD found it can lead to behaviour problems
those mothers who lacked responsiveness did less well at daycare
Vandell- extensive childcare since infancy can lead to poor academic skills

76
Q

what are the ethics

A 
informed consent 
deception
confidentiality
debrief 
withdrawl 
protection
77
Q

what must be done when discussing ethics in child

A

link to studies or how it would relate to child psychology itself

78
Q

what is the UNCRC

A

UN charter for rights of a child

79
Q

what are the 4 principles of the UNCRC

A

participation
protection
provision
privacy

80
Q

what was the aim of the child practical

A

to see whether there was a relationship between secure attachment as a child and adult secure attachment

81
Q

what was procedure of our practical

A

24 participants from friends and family or from 6th form
made a questionnaire with closed likert scale
piloted it with a small group of people
right to withdraw and debrief

82
Q

what were the results of our practical

A

scored each question out of maximum of 5
one or two questions scores were reversed
spermans rho analysis
larger then significant value we accept our hypothesis

83
Q

what are the strengths of our practical

A

standardized
quantitative data
pilot study

84
Q

weaknesses of our practical

A 
one weakness is social desirability 
sample size
quantitative data 
interpretation of numbers 
correlation doesn't imply causation
85
Q

what is thematic analysis

A

analysing qualitative data

coding into themes

86
Q

what is the process of creating a thematic analysis

A 
familiarization with data
genertaing initial codes
searching for themes
reviewing themes
defining and naming themes
producing final report
87
Q

strengths of thematic analysis

A

indepth research into quantitative data
derive themes not preselect them
reduces large amount of data into manageable summary

88
Q

weaknesses of thematic analysis

A

interpretation is a problem
time consuming
low inter rater reliability

89
Q

what is grounded theory

A

inductive- don’t start off with a theory
analysis of qualitative data
creates theories via inductive methods
open code your data noting down important things as you come across them
selective coding is when your theory almost complete so look for evidence

90
Q

what are the strengths os grounded theory

A

allows for in depth qualitative data
encourages researcher to derive themes and theories rather than impose pre selected ones
able to test inter rater reliability

91
Q

what are the weaknesses of grounded theory

A

interpretation, subjectivity is a problem
it is time consuming
may have low inter rater reliability
not scientific

#Psychology Year 2 (2 decks)

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