Child Flashcards
A01 bowlby/ attachment
Beneficial for survival so we have adapted to have them
Social releasers cause parents to care
Critical period- 6 month - 2.5 years
Monotropy- bowlby- bond between mother and baby
Secure and safe- we form attachments as a safe base
IWM- schema for future relationships
A03 strengths for attachment/ bowlby
Lorenz- baby geese and critical period
Harlow- shows deprivation
Bowlby- 44 theives shows seperation causes crime
Useful for day cares and hospitals
A03 weaknesses for attachment/ bowlby
Hard to test evolutionary theories
Animal studies do not always apply
Treated deprivation and privation similarly even though they are different
Focused on seperation rather then reasons for seperation
Socially sensitive
What is deprivation
Loss of primary care giver
Attachment formed and broken
ST or LT
Long term can be irreversible
What are the causes of deprivation
Daycare
Death
Divorce
Hospitalisation
What are the stages of short term deprivation
Protest
Despair
Detachment
What is protest in short term deprivation
Children show great distress, crying for absent caregiver
What is despair in STD
Children become calmer but show little interest in anything. Uninterested in other activities
What is the detachment stage of STD
Children appear to have coped, but more emotionally unresponsive, avoid new attachments
Long term deprivation features
Bowlby believes must have constant contact for first two years
Any breaking causes damage to intellectual, social and personality
Poor internal working model
Permanent and irreversible
What are the ways of reducing deprivation
Provide substitute figure Daycares provide single figure to attach too Reduce time away from attachment figure Less time in daycare Minimise conflict if divorce Maintain contact with old partners
Deprivation evaluation (strengths)
+Bowlby is supporting evidence, more thieves had broken monotropic bond
+ spitz showed institutionalised people can suffer depression when in orphanage
+Goldfarb early fostering can still mean someone is stable
Evaluation of deprivation ( weakness)
Blames parents for neglect
Bowlby emphasised Role of Single caregiver is not like real life
Daycare improved social skills which does not agree with hypothesis
Robertson- suggested we can recover from long term deprivation
What is privation
Lack of an attachment figure
Attachment never formed
Cases of severe neglect like genie. Never had opportunity to bond in first place
What was ainsworths study called
Strange situation
What is the procedure for ainsworth
Structured observation in lab ( tinted glass so not seen)
3m play session
Mother and child together,stranger come in and interacts with child, mother leaves, stranger anxiety measured, mother returns, reaction measured again, stranger leaves, mother leaves and stranger returns
What were Ainsworth’s results
Secure -70%- distress when alone, high Sep anxiety, easily comforted
Insecure avoidant-20%- no stranger anxiety, no seperation anxiety, no comfort
Insecure resistant-10%~ strange anxiety, lots of seperation anxiety, difficulties comforting
What are ainsworths conclusion I
Different types of attachment
Caused by responsiveness to the parent
Ainsworth strengths
Lab setting- no extraneous variables
Highly standardised
Ethical- parents can leave if child gets too distressed
Low demand characteristics
Many observers judge High inter rater reliability
Ainsworth weaknesses
staged low EV
distressing to children
does not account for individual differences
strange situation is distressing for japanese children
not appropriate for those already in daycare
Can privation be overcome +
genie- could be learning difficulties which caused irreversibility
sleep spindle= mr from birth
freud- concentration camp survivours recovered
czech twins recovered after good care
can privation be overcome -
Genie showed poor outcome compared to czech twins- could be lack of twin
czech twins only reversible because it was a young age
freud’s study is unique not generalisable
curtis grammar never improved beyond a toddler
what is cross cultural research
conduct same procedure across cultures and compare
sees whether universal and nature/nurture
better appreciation of impact of culture such as child rearing
conducting in different cultures ensures high generalisability
what are the strengths of cross cultural research
allows us to see whether something is genetic or environmental
if universal then it is likely to be nature
reduces ethnocentrism
better generalisability
can suggest better ways to measure behaviours across cultures
what are the weaknesses of cross cultural research
research tools may not apply- ie strange situation was designed for US children
may impose what behaviour we see as normal
may overlook cultural differences
subcultures arent generalised
what are the features of autism
75% are male-developmental disorder
autism is on a spectrum, aspergers is at the bottom
people with autism find difficulty forming relationships
10% have a really good specific ability
what is common among people with autism
delayed speech and language
lack of eye contact
unresponsiveness
repetitve and ritualistic behaviour
what are the explanations of autism
extreme male brain
theory of mind
what is the extreme male brain theory of autism
prenatal exposure to testosterone
brains become more masculinised
less connected corpus callosum- features in men which are more extreme in autism
men are more likely to be systemisers- liking patterns rules and organisation
EMB explains behaviours and features like
difficulties understanding emotion males more common then females play involves stacking and lining love of routine delayed speech- males develop speech slower
EMB strengths
Falter- those with ASD done better at mental rotation tasks
Empirical and scientific
useful and has face validity
wen and wen- Traits linked to anti social personality which more men have
EMB weaknesses
Falter found no correspondance between finger ratio and ability to complete tasks
could be impairment in theory of mind
cause and effect- which way round emb cause testosterone or vice versa
may not be full picture as we don’t see other effects like hightened aggression
What is the cognitive theory of autism
Theory of mind
describe how TOM explains autism
autism caused by cognitive deficit
impaired theory of mind - poor ability to have world perspective
develops 2-3 years old but those with autism have impaired
sally anne test
what behaviours does TOM explain
difficulties explaining peoples emotions
delayed speech less purpose of speech at young age so delayed
explains when we see onset of autism
TOM strengths
sally anne test supports as those with autism found it hard to predict the behaviour
baron cohen test showed those with autism were less able to identify emotions
Osterling and Dawson- children who were later diagnosed as autistic paid less attention to peoples faces
TOM weaknesses
Biological explanation makes this less credible
not empirical
cause and effect
does not explain to male and female ratio
Sheeran et al - high functioining teenage autistics had little different in theory of mind
what are the two treatments of autism
CBT and ABA
CBT for autism description
works on reducing anxiety felt by children with autism
based on exploring and getting rid of a child with autisms faulty thoughts
learn skills to deal with stressful situations
1:1 with therapist
CBT tailored to focus on social coaching
CBT for autism strengths
Wood-anxiety from autistic people greatly reduced 78%
individual based therapy
teaches skills so it is a long lasting
gives more control of therapy then aba
CBT for autism weaknesses
Children may struggle with verbal nature of the therapy
costly and time consuming
mainly designed for anxiety related to autism
what is the ABA therpay for autism
based upon ABC model- all behaviour has an action that triggers it
often done in descrete trail training- good for teaching life skills
ABA involves breaking down complex things into small steps
effective ways of interaction is shown and rewarded, based on operant conditioning
no reinforcement for poor behaviour
ABA strengths
lovas- 47% acheive normal educational functioning
can involve parents and others continue training outside therapy
can be used for variation of behaviour
individually tailored for each child
ABA weaknesses
only shown benefit for short period after
ABA behaviour may go extinct
may not generalise to other situations
social control- what society deems as acceptable
warren et al- 90 studies were poor quality ABA
What is cross cultural research
Conducting study in multiple countries
Comparisons to test nature nurture
Allows to see impact of culture and generalisability
Can suggest more suitable tools to measure behaviour
What are the strengths of cross culture research
Allows to test for biological and evolutionary causes
Reduces ethnocentric bias In research
Can suggest different tools to measure behaviour
Generalisable less ethnocentric
What are the weaknesses of Cross culture research
Research tools may not apply ( strange situation designed for US not other kids )
May have imposed Etic
May overlook cultural differences
Subcultures May not be represented in sample
What were the results of strange situation in different countries
USA - S 70% A 20 R 10%
Israel- 37% 13. 50
Germany- 33. 49. 18
Japan- 68. 0. 32
What was the aim of van ijzendoorn
To see if there are variations in attachment between cultures using the strange situation via meta analysis score across 8 cultures
What is cross cultural research
Conducting study in multiple countries
Comparisons to test nature nurture
Allows to see impact of culture and generalisability
Can suggest more suitable tools to measure behaviour
What are the strengths of cross culture research
Allows to test for biological and evolutionary causes
Reduces ethnocentric bias In research
Can suggest different tools to measure behaviour
Generalisable less ethnocentric
What are the weaknesses of Cross culture research
Research tools may not apply ( strange situation designed for US not other kids )
May have imposed Etic
May overlook cultural differences
Subcultures May not be represented in sample
What were the results of strange situation in different countries
USA - S 70% A 20 R 10%
Israel- 37% 13. 50
Germany- 33. 49. 18
Japan- 68. 0. 32
What was the aim of van ijzendoorn
To see if there are variations in attachment between cultures using the strange situation via meta analysis score across 8 cultures
what was miyakes findings (Japan)
68%- secure
32%- Insecure
what was Grossman and Grossman findings (Germany)
33% secure
49% avoidant
18% insecure
what was the aim of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
to see whether there were vicarious in attachments between cultures using strange situation.via analysis across 8 cultures. also looking for differences within a culture
what was the sample of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
32 strange situation studies from 8 cultures, 1900 children in total. none with special needs
what was the procedure of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
meta analysis using secondary data
32 strange situation studies
only used studies with 3 main attachment types
procedure of strange situation
what were the results of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
secure attachments most common form
highest in UK
avoidant most common in Germany
differences within cultures
strengths of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
secondary data allows for larger amounts compare and look for trends patterns large sample size not ethnocentric cross culture is useful ev limited
weaknesses of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
publication bias could be a problem because studies get published too much focus on US some had anomalies only mono tropic bond reductionist
what is daycare
consists of family members looking after a child, sending to child minders or nursery
there are rules and regulations enforced by ofsted.
what was the contemporary study in child
Li
what was the aim of Li
to see the effects on cognitive, language and pre academic skills in children who received either high or low quality care at infant toddler pre-school level
procedure of li
use of secondary data
1364 families, from North America
assessed 6,15,24,36, 54 months ORCE assessment
scores more the 3.0 indicate high q care
what was controlled in li
ethnicity gender birth order child temperament maternal attitudes
what were results of Li
early H- good cognitive. no effect on memory HH- best at everything LL- worst outcomes LH- better then HL maths is most affected
strengths of li
large sample size 1364 children, 10 different locations several methods used triangulation longitudinal EVs eliminated quantitative data useful judgements
weaknesses of Li
secondary data from NICHD, may not be perfect Reduces quality of care to number scale can't eliminate EVs ethnocentric only looked at cognitive academic
what is the Child key question
what should parents consider before sending to daycare
why is daycare an issue A01
many parents need to go back to work after the birth of a child
consists of various different things each family or nursery
childminders and nursery nurses are qualified, whereas you know family members
parents may worry about daycare quality
what should parents consider in daycare A02
child to staff ratio
staff are highly qualified
full time daycare can be negative
key workers provide another attachment figure
what are the strengths of daycare
Li and her findings
EPPE project found children benefit socially
Clarke Stewart- those who went to nurseries better at dealing with social situations
shea children more sociable longer they were in nursery
what are the weaknesses of daycare
NICHD found it can lead to behaviour problems
those mothers who lacked responsiveness did less well at daycare
Vandell- extensive childcare since infancy can lead to poor academic skills
what are the ethics
informed consent deception confidentiality debrief withdrawl protection
what must be done when discussing ethics in child
link to studies or how it would relate to child psychology itself
what is the UNCRC
UN charter for rights of a child
what are the 4 principles of the UNCRC
participation
protection
provision
privacy
what was the aim of the child practical
to see whether there was a relationship between secure attachment as a child and adult secure attachment
what was procedure of our practical
24 participants from friends and family or from 6th form
made a questionnaire with closed likert scale
piloted it with a small group of people
right to withdraw and debrief
what were the results of our practical
scored each question out of maximum of 5
one or two questions scores were reversed
spermans rho analysis
larger then significant value we accept our hypothesis
what are the strengths of our practical
standardized
quantitative data
pilot study
weaknesses of our practical
one weakness is social desirability sample size quantitative data interpretation of numbers correlation doesn't imply causation
what is thematic analysis
analysing qualitative data
coding into themes
what is the process of creating a thematic analysis
familiarization with data genertaing initial codes searching for themes reviewing themes defining and naming themes producing final report
strengths of thematic analysis
indepth research into quantitative data
derive themes not preselect them
reduces large amount of data into manageable summary
weaknesses of thematic analysis
interpretation is a problem
time consuming
low inter rater reliability
what is grounded theory
inductive- don’t start off with a theory
analysis of qualitative data
creates theories via inductive methods
open code your data noting down important things as you come across them
selective coding is when your theory almost complete so look for evidence
what are the strengths os grounded theory
allows for in depth qualitative data
encourages researcher to derive themes and theories rather than impose pre selected ones
able to test inter rater reliability
what are the weaknesses of grounded theory
interpretation, subjectivity is a problem
it is time consuming
may have low inter rater reliability
not scientific
