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Respiratory > chest X-ray > Flashcards

chest X-ray Flashcards

1
Q

What does the acronym PET means ?

A

Positron Emission Tomography

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2
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

An imaging test that can be used to reveal biochemical or metabolic functions of the patients’ tissues and organs.

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3
Q

What is the name of the radioactive drug used in PET scan ?

A

Tracer

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4
Q

How is tracer given ?

A

It is injected into the patients veins

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5
Q

How is the tracer used in PET scan?

A

It is injected into the patients vein. It then circulates to various organs, The Scanner detects the activity and converts it into an image that is then read by a radiologist.

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6
Q

How long does a PET scan last approximately?

A

About 2 hours

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7
Q

Cancer cells shows up as what, on a PET Scan image?

A

They show up as bright spots because they have abnormal metabolic activity

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8
Q

PET are done to do what?

A

Detect cancer
Determine of the treatment is working
Determine if the cancer spread
finding a cancer recurrence

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9
Q

What are Gamma rays used For?

A

used in medicine for killing cancer cells.

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10
Q

What are xrays used for?

A

To view inside of bodies and objects

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11
Q

what is ultraviolet used in?

A

Absorbed by the skin, used in Fluorescent tubes

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12
Q

What does visible light used for?

A

used to make things able to
be seen

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13
Q

Infrared does what?

A

Transmits heat from sun, fire, and radiators

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14
Q

What are 2 physical properties of x-rays that make them useful?

A
  1. Penetrates matter
  2. Photographic effect
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15
Q

With emphysema patients, what will you see in a lateral CXR’s view?

A

An increased retrosternal airspace

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16
Q

What disease might you identify that is found more in the Apex?

A

Tuberculosis

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17
Q

If the patient has fluid only in the left lungs, what position would most benefit this patient?

A

right lateral decubitus

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18
Q

Can a patient be examined in a lateral decubitus position?

A

Yes

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19
Q

A patient can be examined in a lateral decubitus position for what purpose ?

A
  1. To assess the volume of pleural effusion
  2. Demonstrate whether a pleural effusion is mobile or loculated.
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20
Q

What occurs if the patient is further away from the film/ detector?

A

The image magnification will increase, and the sharpness will decrease 1

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21
Q

What occurs to the image When the patient is close to the film/ detector ?

A

The image decrease in magnification and increase in sharpness

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22
Q

What does the PA view refer to?

A

The direction of the x-ray

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23
Q

What does the patient have to do to avoid the scapula from being present in the lung field?

A

Place hand on machine or place hand on hips

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24
Q

In order to get a clear image of the lungs the technologist instructs the patient to do what?

A

Take a deep breath and hold it

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25
Q

A Supine View x-ray equipment is how far from the patient?

A

40 inches

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26
Q

An x-ray taken in supine view would yeild what type of image ?

A

A magnification of anterior structures such as the heart with decrease in sharpness of image.

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27
Q

What type of structure is the heart in respect to position?

A

Anterior structure

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28
Q

Why is the PA viewed preferred?

A

It’s preferred because the PA view decreased the magnification Of the anterior structures and the sharpness of the image would be increased

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29
Q

What are the type CXR’s?

A

A-P x-ray
PA x-ray

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30
Q

Would the AP CXR’s magnify pulmonary vasculature?

A

Yes

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31
Q

from what distance is PA X-ray taken?

A

6ft (1.83 m)

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32
Q

From what distance is an AP x-ray taken?

A

40 in ( 101 cm)

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33
Q

When an individual is standing up right, where does most of the blood flow occur?

A

At the base of the lungs

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34
Q

When standing in a upright position most of the ventilation goes where?

A

At the base of the lungs

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35
Q

What is the most common type of Chest X-ray done in hospitals?

A

Posterior Anterior X-rays

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36
Q

In a lateral view X-ray, where do we expect to see the heart projecting?

A

out to the left

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37
Q

What makes the anterior oblique position used in x-ray?

A

It frees lesions from overlying structures. In other words, it allows us to get a better view of the lesion.

38
Q

Apical Lordotic X-ray is most commonly done to diagnose which disease?

A

Tuberculosis

39
Q

Apical lordotic view is use to view what specifically?

A

The apex of the lung

40
Q

Which of the following are/is false about PA film ?
A. It is the gold standard for chest x-rays
B. Heart shadow is larger because the heart is anterior and closer to the film/ detector in PA x-ray
C. Anterior ribs are prominent
D. Superior to AP because the diaphragm is down and we can view more of the lungs.

A

B

41
Q

Which of the following is /are false about AP films?
A. AP views are more useful and should be reserved for very ill patients who can not stand erectly.
B. All X-rays in the ICU are portable and are AP view
C. Heart shadows are larger because the heart is anterior and further away from the film/ detector.
D. less sharp and greater magnification
E. Vertebral column and posterior ribs are prominent

A

A.

42
Q

What should we expect on chest x-ray with adequate exposure?

A

Ribs through the heart.
Pulmonary vasculature on the edges of the lungs
Barely seeing the spine

43
Q

What should We expect to see on an overpenetrated film?

A
  1. Lung fields is darker than normal
  2. See spine well beyond diaphragm
  3. Inadequate lung detail
44
Q

What should we expect to see in an underpentrated film?

A
  1. Hemidiaphragm is obscured
  2. Pulmonary markings are more prominent than they actually are
45
Q

At full inspiration,at what level should the diaphragm be?
A. 5-6 rib
B. 8-10 rib
C. 9-12 rib
D. 7-8 rib

A

B

46
Q

When assessing film technique full inspiration allows us to see what?

A

Intrapulmonary structures

47
Q

Define penetration?

A

The amount of radiation required for a quality image

48
Q

With adequate penetration in a PA film, we should barely see ?

A

The thoracic spine disc spaces

49
Q

With adequate penetration laterally, We should see?

A

Spine should appear darker as it move gradually

50
Q

Clavicle shoulders lay on which rib?

A

The 3rd rib

51
Q

Where should the spine be in respect to the clavicles?

A

The spine should be centered on the clavicles

52
Q

If the spinous process appears closer to the right clavicle. Which side is the patient rotated to?

A

The patient is rotated to their left.

53
Q

If the spinous process appears closer to the right clavicle, which side is the patient rotated to?

A

Patient rotated on their left side

54
Q

How do we observe rotation?

A

By comparing the location of the clavicular heads

55
Q

Where should the clavicular heads be located?

A

Equidistant from the spinous process

56
Q

With soft tissue and bony structures, what are we checking for?

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Deformities
  3. fractures
  4. masses
  5. Calcification
  6. Lytic lesions
57
Q

When pertaining to the mediastinum, what do we check for?

A
  1. Cardiomegaly
  2. Mediastinal and Hilar contours
58
Q

The trachea is located where in relation to the mediastinum?

A

The trachea is located in upper Stinum

59
Q

The apex of the heart is located where in respect to the mediastinum?

A

Apex is located in the lower mediastinum

60
Q

On the lateral view, where is the heart
projected?

A

It is projected to the left

61
Q

What should we expect to see on a chest x-ray concerning an Emphysema patient?

A

Increase retrosternal air space
Increase A-P diameter

62
Q

What position will assist us in localizing lesions, and what is this position’s role in respect to other organs?

A

Right or left anterior oblique view
This view move other organs out of the way making it easier to view lesions

63
Q

What position type is useful in assessing the apex of the lungs?

A

Apical Lordotic

64
Q

What disease might you identify that is found more in the apex ?

A

Tuberculosis

65
Q

Is tuberculosis an anaerobic or aerobic organism?

A

Aerobic

66
Q

When standing upright, where does most of the ventilation and perfusion go?

A

To the base of the lungs

67
Q

What position can we utilize to assess pleural effusion?

A

Lateral decubitus

68
Q

What do you know about PA Films?

A

Gold standard in hospitals
Decreases the size of the heart shadow and increases the sharpness of the image
Anterior ribs are prominent
Superior to AP because the diaphragm is downward creating .a better view of the lung fields

69
Q

What do you know about AP Film?

A

It is reserve for patients in the ICU
It increases the size of the heart shadow and decreases the sharpness of the image

70
Q

What should We expect to see in an adequately exposed film?

A

Barely see the spine
should see the ribs through the heart
should see pulmonary vessels nearly to the edges of the lungs

71
Q

What should we expect to see in an overexposed film?

A

lung fields are darker than usual
Spine goes beyond the diaphragm
Inadequate lung details

72
Q

What should we expect to see in an underexposed film?

A

obscured Hemidiaphragm
Pulmonary markings are more prominent than usual

73
Q

What is the characteristic of sputum For pulmonary edema?

A

Pink and frothy

74
Q

When would We see a fungal infection of the lung?

A

In patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids

75
Q

What do we expect to see on a chest x-ray for Emphysema patients?

A

hyperluncency
vertical heart shadow
Flattened diaphragm

76
Q

Why would you do a left lateral X-ray on a patient with emphysema?

A

To assess retrosternal airspace

77
Q

How many lobes on the right lung?

A

3 lobes

78
Q

How many lobes on the left lung?

A

2 lobes

79
Q

How many segments in the right lung?

A

10 segments

80
Q

How many segments are in the left lung?

A

8 segments

81
Q

What procedure is utilized to get further down in the lungs

A

BAL

82
Q

What drugs are used for tuberculosis?

A

Isoniazid
Rifampin
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide

83
Q

Examples of Tuberculosis

A

Consolidation
Cavitation
Fibrosis
adenopathy
Pleural effusion

84
Q

Examples of pneumothorax

A

Air in the thoracic cavity
But outside the lungs

85
Q

Examples of COPD and Emphysema

A

hyperinflation
Flattened diaphragm
Bullae
Increase retrosternal airspace

86
Q

Define Flail chest

A

fracture of adjacent ribs in 2 or more places

87
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for emphysema?

A

Pneumothorax
Large multiple Bullae
overexposed film
Asthma

88
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Resolving bacterial pneumonia
Pulmonary edema
lung carcinoma
Fungal infection in the lungs

89
Q

Define atelectasis?

A

Partial or complete collapse of the lungs

90
Q

What are the cause of atelectasis?

A

Extrinsic compression
Peripheral Compression
Endobronchial lesions

91
Q

What are the results of atelectasis?

A

Elevated hemidiaphragm
Tracheal shift to the affect side
unaffected side may appear more radiolucent (compensatory emphysemal )
Widened intercostal spaces

Respiratory (3 decks)

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