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MGA Exam 2 > Chest Wall and Diaphragm > Flashcards

Chest Wall and Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

The thorax is bounded by

A

The thoracic wall and diaphragm

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2
Q

The thorax is composed of

A

Pleural cavities and the mediastinum

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3
Q

Osteologically, the thorax is defined by

A

Thoracic vertebrae and ribs

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4
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: Transverse process and inferior articular process

A

Adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another and create a mobile joint

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5
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: demifacets

A

articulate with rib heads

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6
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae are irregular?

A

T1, T11, and T12

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7
Q

Mammillary processes are found in

A

last 1-2 thoracic vertebrae and in lumbar vertebrae

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8
Q

___ create a vertebral foramina

A

Pedilces of two adjacent vertebrae

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9
Q

The ___ of thoracic vertebrae usually articulates with the same rib number

A

Transverse process

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10
Q

Example: rib head 2 artciulates with the ____ and the rib 2 tubercle articulates with ___

A

head articulates with demifacets of T 1 and T2

tubercle articulates with T2 transverse process

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11
Q

What causes the change in spinous process orientation in the thoracic vertebrae

A

The extensor muscles of the back

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12
Q

The head of rib 1 articulates with

A

The vertebral body and transverse process of T1

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13
Q

Which ribs articulate with just one vertebral level?

A

Ribs 10-12

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14
Q

Why are ribs 11-12 called floating ribs?

A

There’s no articulation with a transverse process.

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15
Q

Costal groove of vertebrae houses

A

neurovascular bundle

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16
Q

What are the ligaments that stabilize the ribs?

A

Costotransverse ligament

Superior costotransverse ligament

Lateral costotransverse ligament

Radiate ligaments

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17
Q

Costotransverse ligament spans from

A

neck of rib to transverse process

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18
Q

Superior costotransverse ligament spans from

A

Rib neck to transverse process of next superior transverse process

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19
Q

Lateral costotransverse ligament spans from

A

non-articular part of tubercle to transverse process of same vertebra

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20
Q

Radiate ligaments span from

A

vertebral body to rib neck

Attach to mutliple vertebral bodies at multiple vertebral levels

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21
Q

Joints in which there is an artciulation between a rib head and 2 vertebral bodies have

A

two synovial cavities (one associated with each demifacet

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22
Q

___ make the connection between ribs and the sternum

A

Costal cartilages

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23
Q

The first costal cartilage and manubrium is a

A

synchondrosis

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24
Q

Which costal cartilages attach directly to the sternum?

A

1-7

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25
Q

Costal cartilages 8-10 attach

A

directly to costal margins (go up to costal level above them)

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26
Q

The second costal cartilage attaches to ____ and forms

A

attaches to sternal body and manubrium at the sternal angle

forms a synovial joint with two compartments

27
Q

Interchrondral joints are found in

A

costal cartilages 8-10

28
Q

Which costal cartilage has 2 synovial cavities?

A

The second one because it attaches to the manubrium and the sternal body

29
Q

The scalene muscles attach to

A

the first rib

30
Q

Intercostal spaces are filled with:

A

External muscles

Internal muscles

Innermost muscles

31
Q

What two additional muscles are found within the thoracic cage?

A

Transverse thoracic muscle

Subcostales muscles

32
Q

What muscle is found on the posterior side of the thoracic cage?

A

Serratus posterior muscles

33
Q

Which muscle attaches to the transverse process of vertebrae and ribs?

A

Levatores costarum

34
Q

What innervates the external intercostal mucles, internal intercostal muscles, innermost intercostal muscles, transversus thoracis muslces?

A

Intercostal nerve

35
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

Elevates ribs

36
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Depresses ribs

37
Q

How can you differentiate between the external and internal inercostal muscles?

A

The external ones are strong laterally and then disappear anteriorly

38
Q

The intercostal vessels lie between

A

the external/internal intercostal muscles and the innermost intercostal muscles

39
Q

What is the action of the innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Depresses the ribs

40
Q

Where are the innermost intercostal muscles strong/weak?

A

Strongest in lateral rib cage

Weak anterior and posterior

41
Q

Function of the transversus thoracis muscles?

A

Depresses costal cartilages

42
Q

Function of subcostal muscles?

A

Depresses ribs

43
Q

What are the 3 main directions of chest expansion?

A

Transverse

Anteroposterior

Vertical

44
Q

Vertical direction of chest expainsion

A

Elevating/depressing the diaphragm

Passive breathing

45
Q

Ribs facilitate the ___ motion, while the diaphragm facilitates the ___ motion

A

Ribs: lateral an anterioposterior

Diaphragm: vertical motion

46
Q

Rib 1 moevment

A

Elevated and depressed by scalene muscles

This rib is in synchondrosis, so it is not a major player

47
Q

Ribs 2-5 movement

A

Pump handle motion

48
Q

Ribs 6-10 movement

A

Bucket handle motion

49
Q

Ribs 11-12 movement

A

pincer/caliper like

50
Q

Which ribs have pump handle motion and why

A

True ribs because they are attached to the sternal body, so they move the sternal body

51
Q

What is the difference between pump handle and bucket handle movement

A

In pump motion, the left and right ribs work as a pair to raise the sternum

In bucket motion, the left and right ribs do not work symmetrically

52
Q

The type of rib movement is driven largely by

A

The angle of rotation

The nature of the costotransverse joint

53
Q

What are the structural differences between bucket and pump handle movement?

A

Bucket: axis is closer to sagittal plane; joint is more planar; less sagittal motion; more coronal motion

Pump: axis closer to coronal plane; joint more concavo-confex; less coronal motion; more sagittal motion

54
Q

Superior-most vein of the thoracic cage drains into the

A

Subclavian vein

55
Q

The majority of the veins of the thoracic age (other than the superior-most) drain into

A

Azygos vein on the right

Hemiazygos on the left

56
Q

1st inercostal nerve branches off from

A

Brachial plexus (ventral ramus of T1)

57
Q

Nerve branching of intercostal nerves

A

Thoracic intercostal nerves (1-6)

Thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves (7-11)

Subcostal nerve (12)

58
Q

The superior intercostal artery arises from

A

The costocervical trunk

59
Q

The 9 most inferior intercostal arteries branch off the

A

Aorta

60
Q

Branching pattern of internal thoracic arteries

A

Subclavian –> internal thoracic –> pericardiophrenic and anterior intercostalis –> musculophrenic and superior epigastic

61
Q

During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

Right dome reaches rib 5, left dome reaches 5th intercostal space

62
Q

Motor and sensory innervation of the daiphragm

A

Motor: phrenic nerve

Sensory: intercostal nerves

63
Q

Thoracic wall layers (superficial to deep)

A

Skin

Subcutaneous connective tissue

External intercostals

Internal intercostals

Innermost inercostal

Endothoracic fascia

Parietal pleura

MGA Exam 2 (14 decks)

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