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SBVAC Week 4 > Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis and GI > Flashcards

Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis and GI Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Traumatic Injuries

A
  1. Open (penetrating) trauma = occurs when skin is pierced; internal and external injuries
  2. Closed (blunt) trauma = occurs without breaking skin; internal injuries and bruising
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2
Q

Anatomy of the Chest

A
  • Ribs: 1-7 true ribs (directly connected to sternum), 8-10 false ribs (indirectly connected), 11-12 floating ribs (not connected)
  • Sternum: manubrium = top, body = middle, xiploid process = bottom
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3
Q

The Lungs

A
  • separated into lobes: right lung has 3, left lung has 2
  • site of gas exchange
  • membranes of the lungs: visceral pleura (inside) and parietal pleura (outside)
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4
Q

Breathing

A
  • negative pressure system
  • diaphragm - innervated by phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)
  • inhalation - diaphragm + intercostal muscles contract, chest expands
  • exhalation - diaphragm + intercostal muscles relax, chest contracts
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5
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • air enters pleural space, puts pressure on lung
  • 4 types: spontaneous (occurs due to bleb rupture); tension (pneumothorax has progressed for so long that it puts pressure on vena cava and impedes venous return); traumatic (pneumothorax that results from trauma); hemorrhages/pneumothorax (air and/or blood builds up in pleural space)
  • can result in lung collapsing
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6
Q

Sucking Chest Wound

A
  • penetrating trauma that creates new cavity for air to move in and out of thoracic cavity
  • Treatment = flutter valve
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7
Q

Flail Chest

A
  • 3 or more ribs broken in 2 or more places on 1 side of the chest
  • signs and symptoms: paradoxical chest movement (the diaphragm moves opposite its normal movements) and crepitus (grinding, creaking, cracking, grating, crunching, or popping that occurs when moving a joint)
  • treatment = BVM as internal splint
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8
Q

Commotio Cortis

A
  • blunt force trauma occurring at upstroke of t-wave, disrupts rhythm of the heart, results in v-fib
  • WE CAN SHOCK
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9
Q

Traumatic Asphyxia

A
  • crush injury to the chest, causes back flow of blood from right atrium and vena cava into jugular veins
  • signs and symptoms: JVD, craniocervical cyanosis, subconjuctival hemorrhage
  • treatment = high flow O2
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10
Q

Abdomen Anatomy

A
  • look at image
  • capital = solid, lowercase = hollow
  • RUQ: LIVER, PANCREASE, gallbladder, intestines
  • RLQ: appendix, intestines
  • LUQ: PANCREASE, SPLEEN, stomach, intestines
  • LLQ: intestines
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11
Q

Retroperitoneal Spaces

A
  • kidneys, adrenal glands, bladder, rectum, uterus
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12
Q

Right Upper Quadrant Physiology

A
  • liver = excretes bile to metabolize lipids
  • gallbladder = storage vessel for excess bile
  • pancreas = exocrine and endocrine gland rolled into one (exocrine = releases enzymes to aid in metabolization of food; endocrine = regulates BGL by secreting insulin and glucagon)
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13
Q

Left Upper Quadrant Physiology

A
  • stomach = secretes various gastric juices to metabolize food (highly acidic gastric juices are prevented from exiting stomach by esophageal and pyloric sphincter)
  • spleen = filters and recycles old blood cells, storage site of T cells and B cells
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14
Q

More Physiology

A
  • small intestine = site of nutrient absorption from food; separated into duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • large intestine = reabsorbs water from waste, separated into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
  • kidneys = filter waste from blood, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance; produces urine as method of excreting nitrogenous waste
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15
Q

Pathway of Digestion

A
  1. oropharynx
  2. esophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine (D, J, I)
  5. large intestine (A, T, D, S)
  6. rectum
  7. anus
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16
Q

Gastritis

A
  • stomach inflammation
  • causes: infection (bacterial, viral, fungal), alcohol abuse, certain drugs (NSAIDS, cocaine)
  • signs and symptoms: abdominal pain/bloating, N/V, burning sensation in stomach
17
Q

GERD

A

= gastroesophagael reflux disease

  • esophageal sphincter of stomach weakens or opens abnormally, allows stomach acid/contents to flow back into esophagus
  • signs and symptoms: heart burn = burning in center of chest/abdomen; difficulty swallowing, sensation of lump in throat, chronic cough
18
Q

Esophageal Varices

A
  • enlarged or swollen veins in the lining of esophagus
  • causes: alcohol abuse, thrombus, Budd-Chlari syndrome (blockage of certain veins in liver), schistosomiasis parasitic infection (infection in intestines or urinary tract)
  • signs and symptoms: can be asymptomatic, hematemesis (vomiting of blood), melena (dark feces containing partly digested blood), dizziness/LOC
19
Q

Gastrointestinal Bleeds

A
  • Upper GI bleed = bleeding from esophagus to duodenum; signs and symptoms = melena, hematemesis
  • Lower GI bleed = bleeding from jejunum to anus; signs and symptoms: hematochezia (bright blood through the anus)
  • Both: signs and symptoms = abdominal pain, weight loss, weakness
20
Q

Peritonitis

A
  • inflammation of peritoneum as a result of a bacterial or fungal infection or an existing condition
  • peritoneum: visceral pleura and parietal pleura
  • signs and symptoms: abdominal pain/tenderness, bloating/distention, fever, N/V, loss of appetite, diarrhea, constipation
21
Q

Diverticulitis

A
  • diverticula = out pouches of the lining of digestive system (most common in lower part of colon)
  • diverticula become inflamed or infected
  • risk factors: aging, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking
  • signs and symptoms: N/V, fever, abdominal pain/tenderness, constipation
22
Q

Cholecystitis

A
  • inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by bile buildup as a result of gallstones blocking cystic duct
  • signs and symptoms: severe RUQ pain, epigastric pain, abdominal tenderness, N/V, fever
23
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • inflammation of appendix
  • life threatening - esp. if it ruptures
  • signs and symptoms: rebounding RLQ pain, dull pain in umbilical region, fever, N/V, loss of appetite, abdominal swelling
24
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A
  • type of inflammatory bowel disease
  • chronic inflammation and ulceration of innermost lining of colon and rectum
  • risk factors: age, race or ethnicity, family history
  • signs and symptoms: diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, weight loss, fever
25
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A
  • excessive inflammation, usually in ileum or colon, caused by abnormal immune response
  • signs and symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, bloody stool
26
Q

Aortic Aneurysm

A
  • AAA = abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • weakening of aortic wall causing outpouching of blood and bulging of aorta
  • causes: hypertension, CAD, hyperlipidemia, infection, trauma
  • signs and symptoms: different BP in each arm (ascending), pulsating mass in abdomen (abdominal), tearing chest/back pain, hypotension, shortness of breath
27
Q

Renal Calculi

A
  • aka kidney stones
  • form as a result of urine becoming highly concentrated, allowing minerals to stick together and crystalize
  • signs and symptoms: severe side/flank pain, pain in lower quadrants and/or groin, painful urination, discolored urine (pink, red,brown), polyuria or oliguria
28
Q

Evisceration

A
  • condition in which an abdominal organ protrudes through the skin and is exposed to external environment
  • caused by trauma
  • treatment: wet than dry sterile dressing, sterile occlusive covering area
29
Q

Anatomy of the Pelvis

A
  • includes fused bones of the spine, typically wider in females (ligaments loosen during labor)
  • functions to protect the organs it encloses
  • look at image
30
Q

Abdominopelvic organs

A
  • bladder = storage of urine
  • prostate = gland present in males that sits around urethra where it connects to the bladder and releases prostatic fluid
  • uterus = aka the womb, organ in females that houses a fetus during pregnancy
31
Q

Pelvic Fractures

A
  • many different types
  • caused by high MOI
  • life threatening: can damage organs within and lead to heavy blood loss
  • treatment: c-spine, pelvic wrap
  • later compression (side), AP compression (bottom), vertical shear
32
Q

Special Considerations

A
  • Geriatric patients = brittle bones, decreased immunity, extensive medical history
  • colostomy/hestomy bags
  • pediatric patients = decreased immunity, organs not fully developed
  • gastrostomy tube = brings nutrition directly to the stomach
  • foley catheters - drains urine
  • NPO orders = nothing through the mouth

SBVAC Week 4 (4 decks)

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