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Y3 - CLASP anatomy and radiology > Chest > Flashcards

Chest Flashcards

1
Q

different X-ray densities, colour of air, fat, soft tissue/muscle, bone and metal?

A 
air = black 
fat = grey 
soft tissue/muscle = grey/white
bone = white 
metal = bright white
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2
Q

how do you consider if an x-ray is technically adequate?

A 
-tions 
projection 
inspiration 
rotation 
penetration
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3
Q

how is projection measured on a PA chest X-ray?

A

CTR
ratio of maximal horizontal cardiac diameter to maximal horizontal thoracic diameter
should be <0.5 (50%)

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4
Q

why is CTR not measured on AP X-rays?

A

objects nearer appear artificially enlarged

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5
Q

how do you tell if a CXR is adequately inspired?

A

anterior ends of at least 6 ribs should be visible

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6
Q

how do you tell if a CXR is correctly centred? (rotation)

A

the medial ends of the clavicles should be equidistant from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae

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7
Q

which borders should all be clearly visible?

A

mediastinal borders

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8
Q

what are the pulmonary hila?

A

the junctions between the heart and lungs, where the pulmonary arteries and bronchi enter and the pulmonary veins exit the lungs

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9
Q

which hilum is normally higher?

A

left

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10
Q

which diaphragm is normally higher?

A

right by 1.5cm

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11
Q

how are the lungs divided?

A

upper, middle and lower zones

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12
Q

what are the review areas?

A

lung apices
behind the heart
below the diaphragm
bones and soft tissues

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13
Q

lung apices

A

masses (e.g. Pancoast tumour)

pneumothorax

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14
Q

behind the heart

A

consolidation
masses
hiatus hernia

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15
Q

below the diaphragm

A

free gas
lines and tubes
gastric distension
bowel obstruction

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16
Q

bones and soft tissues

A 
fractures
masses
mastectomy
subcutaneous emphysema
evidence of previous surgery
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17
Q

why does lobar collapse occur

A

obstruction of a lobar bronchus

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18
Q

causes of bronchial obstruction

A

aspirated foodstuff
tumours
mucus impaction

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19
Q

what is ‘veil like opacity’

A

describes diffuse opacification caused by lobe collapse

20
Q

what infection would cause the left heart border to be obscured?

A

lingula

21
Q

what would cause loss of clarity of the right heart border but preservation of the right hemidiaphragm?

A

right middle lobe consolidation

22
Q

what would cause loss of clarity of the left upper mediastinum?

A

left upper lobe consolidation

23
Q

key criteria in air bronchogram

A
  1. The bronchus must contain air

2. The surrounding lung must not

24
Q

pleural effusion erect CXR

A

dense pleural fluid is seen to collect at the lung bases and often forms the curved appearance of a ‘meniscus’ at the lung edges, blunting the costophrenic angles

25
Q

small pneumothorax

A

a dark crescent without lung markings bounded medially by the lung edge

26
Q

where is a pneumothorax often?

A

lung apex

27
Q

large pneumothorax

A

the lung edge and the black air filled pleural space with no lung markings

28
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

large air filled pleural space
displaces the mediastinum
depresses the diaphragm collapsed lung can be squashed against the heart

29
Q

heart failure mnemonic

A 
A - alveolar oedema
B - Kerley B lines
C - cardiomegaly
D - dilated upper lobe vessels
E - pleural effusion
30
Q

normal ET tube placement

A

tip 5 cm above carina
width 2/3 tracheal diameter
cuff should not expand the trachea

31
Q

malposition of an ET tube

A

tip extends past carina

may have entered the oesophagus

32
Q

what are central lines inserted via?

A

right and left jugular or subclavian veins

33
Q

what are peripherally inserted catheters inserted via?

A

cephalic, basilic or brachial veins

34
Q

where should the tip of a central venous catheter be?

A

cavoatrial junction

35
Q

where should the tip of a peripherally inserted catheter be?

A

cavoatrial junction or in a central vein

36
Q

miliary nodule

A

<2mm

37
Q

pulmonary micronodule

A

2-7mm

38
Q

pulmonary nodule

A

7-30 mm

39
Q

pulmonary mass

A

> 30mm

40
Q

TNM lung cancer staging

A

T Tumour size
N Intrathoracic Lymph Node Staging

M Metastases

41
Q

contrast CT for lung cancer

A

tumour size
metastases
guiding biopsy

42
Q

PET CT for lung cancer

A

nodal metastases

distant metastases

43
Q

pneumoperitoneum description

A

perforation of a hollow viscus (stomach, duodenum, small or large bowel) results in gas in the peritoneal cavity

44
Q

pneumoperitoneum xray

A

thin black line between the diaphragm and subdiaphragmatic structures

45
Q

PE xray

A

look for alternative cause of symptoms

46
Q

PE CTPA

A

look for clot

47
Q

PE V/Q scan

A

look for defects caused by clot

Y3 - CLASP anatomy and radiology (4 decks)

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