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BONTRAGER ANATOMY > CHEST > Flashcards

CHEST Flashcards

1
Q

it is the upper portion of the trunk between the neck and abdomen

A

chest (thorax)

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2
Q

3 sections of chest (thorax):

A
  1. bony thorax
  2. respiratory system proper
  3. mediastinum
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3
Q

part of skeletal system that provides protective framework for the parts of the chest involved in breathing and blood circulation.

A

bony thorax

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4
Q

term used to describe parts of the chest (lungs and thoracic organs in mediastinum)

A

thoracic viscera

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5
Q

location of heart

A

mediastinum

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6
Q

3 divisions of sternum:

A
  1. manubrium
  2. sternal body
  3. xiphoid process
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7
Q

(5) bony thorax consists of:

A
  1. 1 sternum
  2. 2 clavicles
  3. 2 scapulae
  4. 12 pairs of ribs
  5. 12 thoracic vertebrae
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8
Q

medical terminology:
1. sternum =
2. clavicle =
3. scapula =
4. jugular notch =

A

medical terminology:
1. sternum = breastbone
2. clavicle = collar bone
3. scapula = shoulder blade
4. jugular notch = manubrial/suprasternal notch

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9
Q

2 topographic landmarks for chest positioning:

A
  1. vertebra prominens (C7 spinous process)
  2. jugular notch
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10
Q

an important landmark for posteroanterior (PA) chest projection

A

vertebra prominens (C7 spinous process)

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11
Q

an important landmark for anteroposterior (AP) chest projection

A

jugular notch (manubrial/suprasternal notch)

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12
Q

topographic landmarks level:
1. vertebra prominens =
2. midthorax =
3. xiphoid process =

A

topographic landmarks level:
1. vertebra prominens = C7
2. midthorax = T7
3. xiphoid process = T9-10

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13
Q

xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of T9-10 but may extend as far as ____ during inspiration.

A

T11-12

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14
Q

not a reliable landmark for positioning the chest because of variations in body habitus and the variable lower position of the posterior lungs

A

xiphoid process

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15
Q

dome-shaped muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

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16
Q

term for each half of the diaphragm

A

hemidiaphragm

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17
Q

(2) what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity when the dome of the diaphragm moves downward?

A
  1. increased thoracic cavity volume
  2. decreased intrathoracic pressure
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18
Q

term for lungs filled with air

A

inspiration

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19
Q

serves as a passageway for food and fluids as well as air, making it common to the digestive and respiratory systems (but is not considered part of the respiratory)

A

pharynx

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20
Q

3 divisions of the pharynx:

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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21
Q

2 roof of the oral cavity:

A
  1. hard palate
  2. soft palate
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22
Q

lower posterior aspect of the soft palate which marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx

A

uvula

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23
Q

resembles a leaf as it flips down during swallowing and covers the laryngeal opening to prevent food and fluid from entering the larynx and bronchi

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage

A

laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

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25
Q

it begins at the distal end of the laryngopharynx and continues downward to the stomach, posterior to the larynx and trachea (it connects the pharynx with the stomach)

A

esophagus

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26
Q

4 parts of the respiratory system:

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. right and left bronchi
  4. lungs
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27
Q

3 continuous tubular structures that are part of the respiratory system to allow air to pass:

A
  1. larynx
  2. trachea
  3. right and left bronchi
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28
Q

a cagelike, cartilaginous structure; organ of voice

A

larynx

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29
Q

a small bone found in the upper neck just below the tongue or floor of the mouth, where the larynx is suspended from

A

hyoid bone

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30
Q

how sounds are made within the larynx?

A

sounds are made as air passes between the vocal cords (located within the larynx)

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31
Q

approx. vertebral level of the upper margin of the larynx

A

C3

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32
Q

approx. vertebral level of the lower margin of the larynx where it joins the trachea

A

C6

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33
Q

consists of two fused platelike structures that form the anterior wall of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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34
Q

topographic landmark level of laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage

A

C5

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35
Q

at what vertebral levels does the larynx extend?

A

C3 - C6

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36
Q

a ring of cartilage that is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea

A

cricoid cartilage

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37
Q

a fibrous muscular tube (windpipe); the second division of the respiratory system that continues from the larynx downward

A

trachea

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38
Q

what is the typical number of C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?

A

16-20 C-shaped rings

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39
Q

rigid rings that keep the airway open by preventing the trachea from collapsing during expiration

A

C-shaped rings of trachea

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40
Q

the trachea is located anterior to the ____

A

esophagus

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41
Q

at what vertebral level does the trachea begin where it connects to the larynx?

A

C6

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42
Q

at what vertebral level does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi?

A

T4 or T5

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43
Q

at what vertebral levels does the trachea extend?

A

C6 - T4/5

44
Q

3 glands located near the respiratory system:

A
  1. thyroid gland
  2. parathyroid gland
  3. thymus gland
45
Q

a vascular gland that is located anteriorly in the neck region just below the larynx; has a rich blood supply; is more radiosensitive than many other body structures

A

thyroid gland

46
Q

2 lateral lobes of the thyroid gland:

A
  1. right lobe
  2. left lobe
47
Q

small, round glands that are embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

48
Q

how many parathyroid glands are attached to each lateral lobe of the thyroid?

A

2 each (4 total)

49
Q

2 parathyroid glands in each lateral thyroid lobe:

A
  1. superior parathyroid glands
  2. inferior parathyroid glands
50
Q

main function of parathyroid glands

A

maintenance of blood calcium and phosphorus levels

51
Q

2 main functions of the thyroid gland:

A
  1. body metabolism (thyroxine)
  2. body growth and development (triiodothyronine)
52
Q

a temporary gland located just inferior to the thyroid gland and behind the upper sternum; very prominent in infancy and decreases in size until it almost disappears in adulthood

A

thymus gland

53
Q

2 projections of the upper airway to allow visualization of the air-filled trachea and larynx:

A
  1. AP
  2. lateral
54
Q

a projection that shows a column of air primarily in the upper trachea region and certain enlargements or abnormalities of the thyroid or thymus glands

A

AP

55
Q

a projection that shows the air-filed trachea and larynx, and the region of the esophagus, thyroid, and thymus gland

A

lateral

56
Q

3 major branches of aortic arch:

A
  1. brachiocephalic artery
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
57
Q

3 features of the right primary bronchus:

A
  1. wider
  2. shorter
  3. more vertical
57
Q

other term for the right and left primary bronchi

A

right and left main stem bronchi

57
Q

3 features of the left primary bronchus:

A
  1. smaller
  2. longer
  3. more horizontal
58
Q

in which primary bronchus are food particles or foreign objects more likely to become lodged, and why?

A

right primary bronchus

59
Q

why are food particles or foreign objects more likely to enter and lodge in the right primary bronchus?

A

because the primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertically aligned than the left primary bronchus, which is a more direct pathway that makes it easier for aspirated objects to enter the right bronchus

60
Q

point of bifurcation; the lowest tracheal cartilage where it divides into right and left bronchi

A

carina

61
Q

approx. vertebral level of the carina

A

T5

62
Q

used as a specific reference point for CT of the thorax

A

carina (T5)

63
Q

how many secondary bronchi does the right bronchus divide into?

A

3 secondary bronchi

64
Q

how many secondary bronchi does the left bronchus divide into?

A

2 secondary bronchi

65
Q

what is the relationship between the number of lobes in each lung and the number of secondary bronchi?

A

the right lung has 3 lobes and 3 secondary bronchi, and the left lung has 2 lobes and 2 secondary bronchi

66
Q

what are the smaller branches that secondary bronchi subdivide into?

A

bronchioles

67
Q

very small air sacs at the end of terminal bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood

A

alveoli

68
Q

correct sequence of structures in the respiratory system from the primary bronchi to the alveoli:

A
  1. right and left primary bronchus
  2. right and left secondary bronchus
  3. right and left terminal bronchioles
  4. alveoli
69
Q

3 lobes of the right lung:

A
  1. superior lobe
  2. middle love
  3. inferior lobe
70
Q

2 fissures of the right lung:

A
  1. horizontal fissure
  2. oblique fissure
70
Q

a fissure that separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

A

horizontal fissure

71
Q

a fissure that separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung

A

oblique fissure

72
Q

2 lobes of the left lung:

A
  1. superior lobe
  2. inferior lobe
73
Q

a fissure that separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung

A

oblique fissure

74
Q

light, spongy, highly-elastic substance composing the lungs that allows breathing mechanism (for expansion and contraction) of the lungs which brings oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood through alveoli

A

parenchyma

75
Q

a double-walled sac or membrane contained in each lung

A

pleura

76
Q

the outer membrane layer of the pleural sac that lines the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

77
Q

the inner membrane layer of the pleural sac that covers the surface of the lungs and also dips into the fissures between the lobes

A

visceral / pulmonary pleura

78
Q

the space between the double-walled pleura contains a lubricating fluid that allows movement of one or the other during breathing

A

pleural cavity

79
Q

presence of air or gas pressure in the pleural cavity which may cause the lung to collapse

A

pneumothorax

80
Q

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

A

pleural effusion

80
Q

presence of blood in the pleural cavity

A

hemothorax

81
Q

presence of serous fluid in the pleural cavity

A

hydrothorax

82
Q

a rare heart condition in which the heart points toward the right side of the chest instead of the left side

A

dextrocardia

83
Q

a double-walled sac or membrane surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels

A

pericardial sac

84
Q

vertebral level of the apices of the lungs

A

T1 (above the level of clavicle)

85
Q

rounded upper part of each lung above the level of clavicles

A

apex

86
Q

lower concave part of each lung that rests on the diaphragm

A

base

87
Q

extreme outermost lower corner of each lung where the diaphragm meets the ribs

A

costophrenic angle

88
Q

also known as the “root” region and “central” area of each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs

A

hilum

89
Q

by how much is the right lung shorter than the left lung?

A

1 inch

90
Q

why is the right lung typically shorter than the left lung?

A

because the large liver in the right upper quadrant pushes up on the right hemidiaphragm.

91
Q

4 important structures that are located in the mediastinum:

A
  1. thymus gland
  2. heart and great vessels
  3. trachea
  4. esophagus
92
Q

why thyroid and parathyroid glands are not considered mediastinal structures?

A

because they are located in the neck (just below the larynx and in front of the trachea) and are situated superiorly to the mediastinum, in the cervical region

93
Q

main function of the thymus gland primarily during childhood and puberty

A

immune system to help the body resist disease

94
Q

a large vein draining blood from the upper half of the body and returning it to the heart

A

superior vena cava

95
Q

a large vein draining blood from the lower half of the body and returning it to the heart

A

inferior vena cava

96
Q

5 great vessels in the mediastinum:

A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. aorta
  4. pulmonary arteries
  5. pulmonary veins
97
Q

largest artery in the body

A

aorta

98
Q

3 parts of the aorta:

A
  1. ascending aorta
  2. arch of aorta
  3. descending aorta
99
Q

a part of the aorta coming up out of the heart

A

ascending aorta

100
Q

2 parts of the aorta that passes through the diaphragm into the abdomen where it becomes the abdominal aorta

A
  1. arch of aorta
  2. descending aorta
101
Q

these supply blood and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries and veins

102
Q

proximal esophagus is located ____ to the trachea and continues down through the mediastinum ____ to the descending aorta

A

posterior
anterior

103
Q

the heart is located in the ____ aspect of the thoracic cavity, directly ____ the sternum

A

anterior
behind

BONTRAGER ANATOMY (3 decks)

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