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BONTRAGER ANATOMY > ABDOMEN > Flashcards

ABDOMEN Flashcards

1
Q

hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, all the way through the stomach, large or small bowel

A

GI perforation

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2
Q

presence of air or gas inside the peritoneal cavity (outside the digestive tract)

A

intraperitoneal air (pneumoperitoneum)

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3
Q

excessive fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity (specifically in the peritoneal cavity)

A

ascites

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4
Q

abnormal growth or swelling in the abdomen

A

intrabdominal mass

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5
Q

2 most important muscles in abdominal radiography:

A
  1. right and left hemidiaphragm
  2. right and left psoas major
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6
Q

umbrella-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

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7
Q

why diaphragm must be perfectly motionless during radiography

A

to ensure a clear and sharp image and avoid motion blur

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8
Q

where are the two psoas major muscles located?

A

side of the lumbar vertebral column

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9
Q

6 organs of the digestive system:

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine (small bowel)
  6. large intestine (large bowel)
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10
Q

3 digestive organs within the abdominal cavity

A
  1. stomach
  2. small intestine
  3. large intestine

esophagus - within the mediastinum

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11
Q

expandable reservoir for swallowed food and fluids; first organ of the digestive system within the abdominal cavity

A

stomach

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12
Q

long, tubelike convoluted structure

A

small intestine

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13
Q

the first portion of the small intestine that is the shortest but widest

A

duodenum

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14
Q

3 parts of the small intestine:

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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15
Q

what shape does the duodenum resemble when filled with contrast medium?

A

letter “C”

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16
Q

proximal portion of the duodenum that is well seen in barium studies of the upper GI tract

A

duodenal bulb / cap

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17
Q

3 organs’ ducts that drain into the duodenum to aid in digestion:

A
  1. liver
  2. gallbladder
  3. pancreas
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18
Q

first two-fifths of the small intestine following the duodenum

A

jejunum

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19
Q

distal three-fifths of the small intestine

A

ileum

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20
Q

the orifice (valve) between the distal ileum of the small intestine and the cecum portion of the large intestine

A

ileocecal valve

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21
Q

KUB:

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. urinary bladder
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22
Q

what is the most common projection used in abdominal radiography?

A

anteroposterior (AP) supine abdomen

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23
Q

why is an AP supine abdomen sometimes referred to as a KUB?

A

because it visualizes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

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24
Q

the junction where the large intestine begins in relation to the small intestine?

A

ileocecal valve (right lower quadrant)

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24
Q

saclike area of the large intestine located below the ileocecal valve

A

cecum

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25
Q

where is the appendix attached in the large intestine?

A

to the posteromedial aspect of the cecum

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26
Q

it is attached to the posteromedial aspect of the cecum

A

vermiform appendix

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27
Q

9 parts of the large intestine:

A
  1. cecum and appendix
  2. ascending colon
  3. left colic (hepatic) flexure
  4. transverse colon
  5. right colic (splenic) flexure
  6. descending colon
  7. sigmoid colon
  8. rectum
  9. anus
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28
Q

the vertical portion of the large bowel above the cecum

A

ascending colon

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29
Q

at which anatomical point does the ascending colon join the transverse colon?

A

right colic (hepatic) flexure

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30
Q

at which anatomical point does the transverse colon join the descending colon?

A

left colic (splenic) flexure

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31
Q

2 colic flexures in the large intestine:

A
  1. right colic (hepatic) flexure
  2. left colic (splenic) flexure
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32
Q

shape of the sigmoid colon in the lower left abdomen

A

S-shaped

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33
Q

what part of the large intestine does the descending colon transition into in the lower left abdomen?

A

sigmoid colon

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34
Q

final part of the large intestine

A

rectum

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35
Q

what structure marks the end of the rectum and is responsible for controlling the terminal opening of the large intestine?

A

anus

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36
Q

common site of colon cancer in the large intestine

A

sigmoid colon

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37
Q

why is the sigmoid colon a common site for colon cancer?

A

sigmoid colon is the last part of the colon before the rectum, and its S-shaped curve can cause slower movement of fecal material which increases pressure due to the need to store fecal material before it is expelled and prolongs contact with potential carcinogens in the stool

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38
Q

located in the left upper quadrant and is part of the circulatory system (specifically in the lymphatic system)

A

spleen

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39
Q

why is the spleen a fragile organ in relation to its location?

A

it is sometimes lacerated (tear or deep cuts) during trauma to the lower posterior rib cage

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40
Q

3 accessory organs of digestion:

A
  1. liver
  2. gallbladder
  3. pancreas
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41
Q

main function of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas as an accessory organ of the digestive system

A

aid in digestion

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42
Q

elongated gland that is located posterior to the stomach, and near the posterior abdominal wall between the duodenum and the spleen

A

pancreas

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43
Q

what part of the pancreas is nestled in the C-loop of the duodenum?

A

head of the pancreas

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44
Q

what part of the pancreas is extended toward the upper left abdomen

A

body and tail of the pancreas

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45
Q

term used to describe the relationship between the duodenum and the head of the pancreas

A

“romance of the abdomen”

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46
Q

endocrine = ____ secretion
exocrine = ____ secretion

A

endocrine = internal secretion
exocrine = external secretion

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47
Q

endocrine portion of the pancreas which aids in controlling the blood sugar level of the body

A

insulin

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48
Q

digestive substances produced by the pancreas that move to the duodenum for digestion to break down foods - proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the duodenum?

A

pancreatic enzymes (digestive juices)

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49
Q

the largest solid organ in the body, occupying the majority of the right upper quadrant

A

liver

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50
Q

a substance produced by the liver that aids in the emulsification (breakdown) of fats in the digestive process

A

bile

51
Q

a pear-shaped sac located posterior and inferior to the liver

A

gallbladder

52
Q

main function of the gallblladder

A

store bile produced by the liver

if the bile produced in the liver is not necessary at the current time for fat emulsification, it is stored and concentrated for future use in the gallbladder

53
Q

what hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile into the digestive system?

A

cholecystokinin

54
Q

presence of gallstones in the gallbladder due to increased cholesterol secretion

A

cholelithiasis

majority of gallstones are radiolucent (not visible radiographically)

55
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder due to accumulation of bile due to blockage in the duct (often caused by gallstones blocking the duct)

A

cholecystitis

56
Q

4 parts of the urinary system:

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
56
Q

shape of the kidney

A

bean-shaped

57
Q

through which structure do the kidneys drain urine into the urinary system?

A

ureters

58
Q

where is the urinary bladder located in relation to the symphysis pubis?

A

superior and posterior

59
Q

main function of the urinary bladder

A

store urine

60
Q

through which structure does stored urine exit the body?

A

urethra

61
Q

shape of the gallbladder

A

pear-shaped

62
Q

shape of the diaphragm

A

umbrella / dome-shaped

63
Q

which endocrine glands are situated at the top of each kidney?

A

suprarenal (adrenal) glands

64
Q

where are the adrenal glands located in relation to the kidneys?

A

superomedial portion of each kidney

65
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

side of the lumbar vertebral column

66
Q

why is the right kidney situated a little more inferior than the left kidney?

A

the right kidney is situated slightly inferior to the left kidney due to the presence of the liver, where its large size pushes the right kidney downward.

67
Q

why are the kidneys usually seen faintly in an abdominal image?

A

because of the fatty capsule that surrounds each kidney.

67
Q

waste materials and excess water are eliminated from the blood by the ____ and are transported through the ureters to the urinary bladder

A

kidneys

68
Q

examination of the urinary system performed with intravenous contrast medium

A

excretory / intravenous urogram (IVU)

69
Q

large serous, double-walled, saclike membrane that covers most of the abdominal structures and organs as well as the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

69
Q

4 terms for abdominal cavity

A
  1. peritoneum
  2. mesentery
  3. omentum
  4. mesocolon
70
Q

the total surface area of the peritoneum is approx. equal to the total surface area of the ____ that covers the entire body.

A

skin

70
Q

a layer of visceral peritoneum only partially covers certain organs more closely attached to the ____

A

posterior abdominal wall

71
Q

two-layered peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

71
Q

peritoneal layer that covers an organ

A

visceral peritoneum

72
Q

a space or cavity between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum

A

peritoneal cavity

only a potential cavity because it is filled with various organs such as the loops of the bowel

potential cavity / space - small space between two adjacent structures that are normally in contact one another

73
Q

type of fluid in the peritoneal cavity helps organs move against each other without friction

A

serous lubricating fluid

74
Q

double folds of peritoneum that hold the small intestine in place and loosely connect it to the posterior abdominal wall; where the blood and lymph vessels and the nerves that supply abdominal organs are contained within these folds

A

mesentery

75
Q

mesentery extends ____ from the posterior abdominal wall to envelop completely a loop of ____

A

anteriorly
small bowel

76
Q

specific type of double-fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ

A

omentum

77
Q

2 forms of omentum:

A
  1. lesser omentum
  2. greater omentum
78
Q

an omentum that extends superiorly from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver

A

lesser omentum

79
Q

an omentum that connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach inferiorly

A

greater omentum

80
Q

another term used to describe the greater omentum

A

“fatty apron”

81
Q

if one dissected the abdomen through the midanterior wall, the first structure encountered beneath the parietal peritoneum would be the ____

A

greater omentum

82
Q

what role do the amounts of fat deposited in the greater omentum serve in relation to the abdominal cavity?

A

insulation

82
Q

the peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesocolon

meso - mesentery

83
Q

4 forms of mesocolon:

A
  1. ascending mesocolon
  2. transverse mesocolon
  3. descending mesocolon
  4. sigmoid / pelvic mesocolon

each is named according to the portion of the colon to which it is attached

84
Q

a visceral peritoneum that loosely connects the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

A

transverse mesocolon

85
Q

mesentery is an expansive double fold of ____ which is a continuation of the parietal peritoneum lining the posterior abdominal wall, extending anteriorly in the abdomen to reach the organs.

A

visceral peritoneum

86
Q

a special name for the lesser sac

A

omentum bursa

86
Q

major portion of the peritoneal cavity

A

greater sac

greater sac is referred to simply as the “peritoneal cavity”

87
Q

smaller portion of the upper posterior peritoneal cavity located posterior to the stomach

A

lesser sac

88
Q

medical terminology:
1. retroperitoneal =
2. infraperitoneal =
3. intraperitoneal =

A

medical terminology:
1. retroperitoneal = backward, behind the abdominal cavity
2. infraperitoneal = under, beneath the abdominal cavity
3. intraperitoneal = within the abdominal cavity

89
Q

structures closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall and are less mobile

A

retroperitoneal organs

89
Q

10 retroperitoneal organs:

A
  1. kidneys
  2. ureters
  3. adrenal glands
  4. pancreas
  5. C-loop of duodenum
  6. ascending colon
  7. descending colon
  8. upper rectum
  9. abdominal aorta
  10. inferior vena cava
90
Q

3 organs that are only loosely attached to the abdominal wally by long loops of peritoneum and change or vary in position within the abdomen compared with retroperitoneal or infraperitoneal structures

A
  1. stomach
  2. small intestine
  3. transverse colon
91
Q

structures located under or beneath the peritoneum in the true pelvis

A

infraperitoneal organs

92
Q

3 infraperitoneal organs:

A
  1. lower rectum
  2. urinary bladder
  3. reproductive organs
93
Q

structures within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by visceral peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal organs

94
Q

9 intraperitoneal organs:

A
  1. liver
  2. gallbladder
  3. spleen
  4. stomach
  5. jejunum
  6. ileum
  7. cecum
  8. transverse colon
  9. sigmoid colon
95
Q

lower aspect of the peritoneum is a ____ in the male and a ____ in the female

A

closed-sac
open-sac

in males, the lower peritoneal sac lies above the urinary bladder, totally separating the reproductive organs from the organs within the peritoneal cavity

in females, the uterus, uterine (fallopian tubes), and ovaries pass directly into the peritoneal cavity

96
Q

4 abdominal quadrants:

A
  1. right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  2. left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  3. right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  4. left lower quadrant (LLQ)
97
Q

vertebral level of the umbilicus (navel)

A

intervertebral disk between L4 - L5

98
Q

6 anatomy in the LUQ:

A
  1. spleen
  2. stomach
  3. left colic (splenic) flexure
  4. tail of pancreas
  5. left kidney
  6. left suprarenal galnd
99
Q

7 anatomy in the RUQ:

A
  1. liver
  2. gallbladder
  3. right colic (hepatic) flexure
  4. C-loop of duodenum
  5. head of pancreas
  6. right kidney
  7. right suprarenal gland
99
Q

9 abdominal regions:

A
  1. right hypochondriac region
  2. epigastric region
  3. left hypochondriac region
  4. right lumbar (lateral) region
  5. umbilical (navel) region
  6. left lumbar (lateral) region
  7. right iliac (inguinal) region
  8. hypogastric (pubic) region
  9. left iliac (inguinal) region
100
Q

5 anatomy in the RLQ:

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. appendix (vermiform)
  3. cecum
  4. 2/3 of ileum
  5. ileocecal valve
101
Q

3 anatomy in the LLQ:

A
  1. descending colon
  2. sigmoid colon
  3. 2/3 of jejunum
102
Q

vertebral level of the transpyloric plane

A

L1

103
Q

vertebral level of the transtubercular plane

A

L5

104
Q

7 topographic landmarks of the abdomen:

A
  1. xiphoid process
  2. inferior costal (rib) margin
  3. iliac crest
  4. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  5. greater trochanter
  6. symphysis pubis
  7. ischial tuberosity
105
Q

vertebral level of the xiphoid process

A

T9-10

106
Q

vertebral level of the inferior costal (rib) margin

A

L2-3

107
Q

vertebral level of the iliac crest

A

L4-5

108
Q

a topographic landmark that is used to locate upper abdominal organs (ex. gallbladder)

A

inferior costal (rib) margin (L2-3)

108
Q

most commonly used abdominal landmark that is palpated easily by pressing inward and downward along the midlateral margin of the abdomen

A

iliac crest (L4-5)

109
Q

uppermost portion of the curved border of the ilium

A

iliac crest

110
Q

commonly used landmark for positioning pelvic and vertebral structures that can be found by locating the iliac crest and then palpating inferiorly until a prominent projection or “bump” is felt (more prominent in females)

A

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

111
Q

a topographic landmark that is easily palpated on thin patients and not as precise landmark as the other

A

greater trochanter

112
Q

the prominence of the greater trochanter is at about the same level as the superior border of the ____

A

symphysis pubis

112
Q

a topographic landmark that is used to determine the lower margin on a PA abdomen with the patient in a prone position

A

ischial tuberosity

113
Q

a topographic landmark that corresponds to the inferior margin of the abdomen; the most superior anterior portion of the pubis can be palpated when the patient is in a supine position

A

symphysis pubis

BONTRAGER ANATOMY (3 decks)

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