Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemical Pathology Rotations > Chenical Pathology Day 2 > Flashcards

Chenical Pathology Day 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the various biochemical general chemistry tests done at KATH

A

Profile tests:
LFT
KFT
Cardiac profile
Lipid profile (called lipogram sometimes)
Glucose studies (diabetes test)
Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
Blood gases
Bone profile
Iron studies (for anemia)

Tests that can stand on their own:
Uric acid (U/A)
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Calcium
Pro-calcitonin test (PCT)
C-reactive protein (CRP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three general groupings of test

A

General chemistries
Hormones
Tumor markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three groupings of tests based per the need of the test

A
  1. Core test (test taken based on history). Eg. LFTs
  2. Specialized test. Eg. AFP
  3. Emergency test

Each core test might have its own further specialized test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When a group of tests are put together to determine a common cause, it is referred to as a ………

A

Profile (composite tests)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many analytes come together to form LFTs

A

10 (3 proteins, 3 bilirubins, 4 enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LFTs are made of what three main analytes

A

Enzymes
Proteins
Bilirubins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the enzymes used in LFTs

A

AST
ALT
GGT
ALP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are two types of enzymes as used in testing

A

Functional and non-functional enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which compartment are non-functional enzymes found

A

ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the range of ALT

A

0 - 42 IU/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is another name for direct bilirubin

A

Conjugated bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the bilirubins used in LFTs

A

Total bilirubin
Direct bilirubin
Indirect bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the proteins used in LFTs

A

Total protein
Albumin
Globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the common elective or specialized test for LFT

A

Alpha fetoprotein test (AFP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is globulins calculated for an protein section of an LFT

A

TP - albumin = globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you calculate for indirect bilirubin

A

Total BIL - direct BIL = indirect BIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the core KFTs

A

Creatinine - elevated creatinine means there is a problem
Urea (blood urea nitrogen)
Electrolytes (Na, K, Cl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some other tests (which are not core tests) to find out if kidney disease is being developed

A

UACR
UPCR
eGFR
Microalbumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Protein is not allowed to pass through urine but creatinine does
True or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Creatinine concentration is high in the urine while protein concentration is low in urine
True or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the creatinine lab ranges

A

44-80 for women
44-106 for men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What test could you use to detect the earliest sign of kidney disease

A

Microalbumin test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is creatine

A

Creatine is the hydrated form of creatinine

24
Q

What are the core tests (enzyme) in a cardiac profile

A

AST
CK (creatine kinase)
LDH

25
Q

What are some specialized tests in a cardiac profile

A

Troponin I or T
CK-MB
Myoglobin

26
Q

CK-MB is an isomer of ………….

A

Creatine kinase
CKMM (deals with muscle), CKMB (deals with heart), CKBB (deals with brain)

27
Q

List the lipid profile tests

A

TC
TRG
HDL
LDL (calculated)
VLDL (calculated)
CR (coronary risk) (calculated)

28
Q

What is the formula for LDL

A

TC - HDL - 0.2TRG

29
Q

Why does eating before LDL testing affect results

A

LDL is directly proportional to TRG, thus if a patient eats LDL (increasing TRG) would also increase leading to false values

30
Q

What is the formula for coronary risk

A

TC/HDL

31
Q

What is the range of coronary risk

A

4.2 - 7.1
Below the range means you’re safe. Outside the range, means there’s a problem. Within the range also means there’s a problem.

32
Q

What are the components of a BMP

A

KFT + glucose

33
Q

What are the components of a CMP

A

BMP
LFT
Lipids

34
Q

What are blood gases

A

A test used in measuring oxygen and other things in arterial blood (oxygenated blood) - an emergency test

35
Q

What are the components of a blood gas

A

PCO2
PO2
pH
SO2
iCa (ionized calcium)
Na, K, Cl

36
Q

What are the components of a bone profile

A

Creatinine
Albumin
Ca
Phosphate (PO32-)
ALP
Mg

37
Q

What are the components of iron studies

A

Total iron
TIBC (total iron binding capacity)
Ferritin

38
Q

What is the use of procalcitonin test

A

Pro calcitonin is a marker to detect whether an infection is bacterial or not. It is normally requested alongside CRP test

39
Q

What are the components of a diabetes study

A

FBS (fasting plasma glucose)
RBS
HBA1C
Glucose profile
OGTT

40
Q

What test is the baseline test (reference point and cuts across all glucose tests) for diabetes studies

A

FBS

41
Q

What is the test used to diagnose DM

A

FBS

42
Q

What are the conditions necessary to consider to do an FBS

A

Time (patient should not eat after 6 am)
Diet
Medication (patient should not be on a drug that interferes glucose metabolism unless patient is a known diabetic)

Don’t take FBS after 11 because it is assumed that the free glucose to be measured in the blood is consumed and what the body is now relying on is glycogen being converted to glucose. Thus, after 11 everything is RBS

43
Q

Which of the glucose tests are tentative and used in emergency cases

A

RBS

44
Q

What is the range of FBS

A

3.6 - 6.4 mmol/L

45
Q

What is the range for RBS

A

3 - 7 mmol/L (no matter what food you take your sugar level should not be more than 7, no matter what drug you take, your sugar level should not go below 3)

46
Q

What are the reasons for doing glycated hemoglobin test

A
  1. To determine the efficacy of the drugs prescribed
  2. To determine how faithful the patient has been in taking the drugs prescribed
47
Q

What are the types of glucose profile

A

Food glucose profile
Partial glucose profile

48
Q

What are the components of a food glucose profile

A

Pre-breakfast (FBS) - say test starts at 7 am
Post-breakfast (2 hrs later - 2 hr post-prandial) - 9 am
Pre-lunch (should be taken about 5-10 mins to lunch) - 11:50 am (test), 12 pm (eat)
Post-lunch (2 hrs later) - 2 pm
Pre-supper - 3:50 pm (test) / 4:00 pm (eat)
Post-supper - 6 pm

49
Q

What is the use of a glucose profile

A

Glucose profile is done in pregnant individuals
It is done to assess how the body system of the pregnant individual is responding to the diabetic drug administered

50
Q

What are the components of a partial glucose profile

A

Pre-BF
Post-BF
Post-lunch
Post-supper

51
Q

Why do you an OGTT

A

It is a confirmatory test for diabetes. In the case where you have fluctuating upper limit sugar levels, you cannot classify the person as a diabetic till the upper limit sugar level is sustained and chronic (sustained at a high level for a long time). An OGTT is done to find out whether the patient is diabetic or not

52
Q

What are the steps in conducting an OGTT

A

Patient preparation
Items required
Measurement of glucose
Administration of glucose solution
Measurement of glucose values
Interpretation of results

53
Q

What are some precautions in OGTT (patient preparation)

A

Time
Diet
Medication
Should not smoke prior to testing
Should not engage in strenuous exercise prior to the test
Patient should not lie down during the test

54
Q

What are some items required for an OGTT

A
  1. Glucose (vitamin c type and anhydrous (plain one, anhydrous one is more preferable. Under certain circumstances, some patients vomit anhydrous glucose. Under those circumstances administer vitamin c glucose . However, ideally, anhydrous (white) glucose is used.
  2. An unopened bottle of water (not sachet water)
  3. Clean or neat spoon
  4. Neat or clean cup (which can contain more than 300mls of water)
  5. A sensitive weighing scale (should be sensitive)
55
Q

How is glucose administered in a OGTT

A

Dissolve glucose in water and make sure everything is dissolved. You should have taken the FBS by now. Per the WHO guidelines, the value of the FBS should be known before glucose is administered. Patients should ingest the solutions within a few minutes (3 or 4 minutes). Don’t force patient to take it at a gulp (all at once). Note the time patient finishes taking the glucose solution. After patient takes glucose solution, take sample from patient 3x on a hourly basis (Eg. 9 (given glucose solution), 10 (first sample), 11 (second sample), 12 (third sample), patient should not eat in between sample taking).
(FBS - 1 hr post prandial, 2 hr post prandial, 3 hr post prandial - if any of the post-prandial values goes above the value 8.5 mmol/L for 75g of glucose or 11.1mmol/L for 100g of glucose, patient is diabetic)

56
Q

How are results interpreted in an OGTT

A

Measurement of glucose depends on the physiological condition of the patient (is the patient pregnant or not, an adult or a juvenile)
Pregnant patient
1. 100 g of glucose in 300 ml of water (> or = 11.1 mmol/L)
2. 75 g of glucose in 300 ml of water (> or = 8.5 mmol/L (> or = 8.5 mmol/L) - WHO recommended - reason being that given more glucose (100g of glucose instead of the WHO recommended 75g of glucose) could result in fetal macrosomia
Non-pregnant individuals
1. 75 g of glucose in 300 ml of water (range is > or = 11.1 mmol/L)
1.75 * body weight = amount of glucose to use in grams
Volume of water depends on what the patient can take not necessary 300 ml of water

Chemical Pathology Rotations (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions