chemsitry tests Flashcards by Adrian Lee

Q

Soluble salts

A

Ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts
Nitrate salts
Nearly all chloride, bromide, and iodide salts
Nearly all sulfates
Ammonium, sodium, potassium carbonate salts
Ammonium, sodium, potassium hydroxide salts

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Q

Insoluble salts

A

Silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, lead chloride
Barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, lead sulfate
Most carbonates
Most hydroxides

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous sodium hydroxide

Ammonium

A

Ammonia gas produced on heating - turns red litmus paper blue

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous sodium hydroxide

Calcium

A

White percipitate, insoluble in excess

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous sodium hydroxide

Copper(II)

A

Light blue percipitate, insoluble in excess

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous sodium hydroxide

Iron (II)

A

Green percipitate, insoluble in excess

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous sodium hydroxide

Iron (III)

A

Red-brown percipitate, insoluble in excess

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous sodium hydroxide

Zinc (II)

A

White percipitate, soluble in excess, gives a colourless solution

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous ammonia

Calcium

A

No percipitate, very slifhrly white percipate

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous ammonia

Copper (II)

A

Light blue percipitate, soluble in excess, dark blue solution

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous ammonia

Iron (II)

A

Green percipitate, insoluble in excess

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous ammonia

Iron (III)

A

Red-brown percipitate, insoluble in excess

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Q

Testing for cations using aqueous ammonia

Zinc (II)

A

White percipitate, insoluble in excess, gives colourless solution

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Q

Flame test

Lithium

A

Red

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Q

Flame test

Sodium

A

Yellow

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Q

Flame test

Potassium

A

Lilac

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Q

Flame test

Copper (II)

A

Blue-green

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Q

Testing for anions

Carbonate

A

Test: Dilute acid
Result: Effervesence, carbon dioxide produced

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Q

Testing for anions

Chloride (in solution)

A

Test: Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqeous silver nitrate
Result: White percipitate

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Q

Testing for anions

Bromide (in solution)

A

Test: Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqeous silver nitrate
Result: Cream percipitate

Q

Testing for anions

Nitrate (in solution)

A

Test: Add aqueous sodium hydroxide then aluminium foil; warm carefully
Result: Ammonia gas produced

Q

Testing for anions

Sulfate (in solution)

A

Test: Acidift then add aqueous barium nitrate or barium chloride
Result: White percipitate

Q

Fuels

Small number of carbon atoms

A

Low boiling points
Evaporate and rise up first

Q

Fuels

Higher number of carbon

A

Higher boiling point
## As they evaporate, they condense at a higher temperature - lower down the tower

# Fuels Refinery gas

- Used for bottled gas for cooking - 1-4 Carbon atoms - Boiling point of under 40 degrees - Gases at low temperatures - Very low viscosity (flows easily)

# Fuels Gasoline

- Used in cars - 5 - 6 Carbon atoms - Boiling point of 40-100 - Very volatile - Very low viscosity

# Fuels Naphtha

- Feedstock for making chemicals - 5 - 9 Carbon atoms - Boiling point of 60-100 - Volatile - Low viscosity

# Fuels Diesel oil/gas

- Fuel in diesel engines - 13-25 Carbon atoms - Boiling point: 250 - 350 - Low volatility - High viscosity

# Fuels Bitumen

- Used for road surfaces - Carbon atoms of over 40 - Boiling point over 500 - Very low volatility - High viscosity

Alkane general formula

CnH2n+2

Alkene general formula

CnH2n

Alkanes

- Unreactive because C-H bonds are strong - Can be used as fuel because they combust - Saturated hydrocarbons (each molecule only has single covalent bonds) - Every atom has a full outer shell

Alkenes

Thermal cracking

- Cracking long chain alkanes into smaller ones - High temperature (800 degrees) - Ethene and hydrogen gas produced

Catalytic cracking

- Another form of cracking - Uses aluminium and ceramic based catalysts that lower the temperature required to 500 degrees - Cheaper - Thermal cracking more useful fo rlonger chain hydrogcarbons

Detecting alkenes

- Bromine - Hydrogen - Steam - Confirm the presence of a double bond by testing the ability of an alkene to undergo additionr Reactions

# Detecting alkenes Bromine

- Alkenes react with halogens such as bromine - Brown to colourless

# Detecting alkenes Hydrogen

- Temperature of 200 degrees - Presence of a nickel catalyst - Also called hydrogenation

# Detecting alkenes Steam

- 300 degrees - Presence of steam and phoshoric acid, which acts as a catalyst to produce alcohol - Water splits into an H atom and an OH group

Hydration of ethene

- Synthetic ethanol -

Molten lead bromide

Product at cathode: Lead Product at anode: Bromide Observations: Silvery solid at the cathode, brown gas at the anode

Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride

Product at cathode: Hydrogen Product at anode: Chloride Observations: Colourless gas at the cathode, pale yellow green gas at the anode which bleaches damp litmus paper

Acid + metal

Observation: * Effervescence * Heat evolved * Hydrogen gas formed Reaction occurring: Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Base

Observation: Indicator goes green Reaction occurring: Neutralisation Acid + Base -> Salt + Water

Bronze

Copper and tin

Mild steel

Iron and about 0.25% carbon

High carbon steel

Iron and up to 2.5% carbon

Brass

Copper and zinc

Stainless steel

Iron, carbon, chromium and nickel