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Intro Anesthesia Part II > ChemPhys Math Review > Flashcards

ChemPhys Math Review Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular theory of matter

A

states that matter is made of minute particles called molecules that exist in various states (solid, liquid, gas, plasma)

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2
Q

Kinetic Theory of Matter

A

states that molecules are in constant motion (random motion) and have degree of attraction b/w them called van der waals forces

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3
Q

Critical temperature

A

Temp above which gas cannot be liquefied regardless of how much pressure applied

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4
Q

Isomers

A

Number and type of atoms and bonds are same but arrangement of atoms is different. Can be structural or stereoisomers

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5
Q

Structural isomers

A

Same moleclar formula, but atoms are located in different places. Example: enflurance and isoflurane

Diff molecules with diff physical and chemical properties

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6
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Molecules that have similar geometric arrangement but differ in spatial position.

Enantiomers are mirror images- cannot be superimposed

Disastereomers are not mirror images (cis/trans)

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7
Q

Enantiomers

A

Molecules that are mirror images
Optically active- rotate polarized light in a clockwise fashion (dextro) or counter clockwise (levo)

Racemic chemical compositions contain 50% dextro and 50% levo
Racemic epinephrine is example

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8
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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9
Q

What determines charge?

A

Number of protons vs number electrons

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10
Q

Positive charge

A

cation- lost electons

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11
Q

Negative charge

A

anion- gain electrons

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12
Q

Type of bonds?

A

Ionic, covalent, polar covalent

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13
Q

What about gas solubility in liquids?

A

Inversely related to temperature
Therefore, hypothermic patient receiving volatile agents are slower to wake up

Increased temp= decreased solubility
Decreased temp= increased solubility

Gas solubility is directly proportional to pressure

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14
Q

What is henry’s law?

A

At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid is directly proportional to partial pressure of gas in contact with solution

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15
Q

What is an application of henry’s law?

A

Allows calculation of o2 and co2 dissolved in blood
DO2= CO X [(1.34XHGBXSPO2)+(pao2 x 0.003) x10

Overpressuring the vaporizer is another example- increase concentration set on vaporizer to speed up delievery to blood and therefore the brain

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16
Q

Graham’s Law

A

Gas diffuses at a rate that is inversely proportional to square root of its molecular weight

As molecular weight increases, rate of diffusion decreases

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17
Q

Diffusion in Anesthesia

A

Nitrous oxide diffuses into air filled cavities

  • contraindicated in patients with pneumothorax and where air-filled cavity expansion is undesirable
  • Nitrous oxides expansion into ETT cuff may cause tracheal mucosal damage
  • Distenton of bowel during nitrous oxide delivery
  • Apneic oxygenation: continual diffusion of oxygen into blood driven by concentration gradient that continually diffuses oxygen into alveoli via vent circuit
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18
Q

Fick’s Law for Diffusion Definition

A

Diffusion of gas across semipermeable membrane directly proportional to partial pressure gradient, membrane solubility of gas, membrane area

Inversely proportional to membrane thickness and molecular weight of gas

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19
Q

O2 Solubility coefficient?

A

0.003mL/100mL blood/mmHg partial pressure

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20
Q

CO2 solubility coeffiecient

A

0.067mL/100mL blood/mmHg partial pressure

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21
Q

What is solubility of CO2 vs o2?

A

CO2 20X SOLUBLE IN BLOOD

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22
Q

Fick’s Law of diffusion equation

A

(Area x solubility x partial pressure different)/(Molecular wt x distance)

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23
Q

What are some clinical applications of fick’s law

A
  • Allows determination of pulmonary gas exchange
  • diffusion hypoxia
  • COPD reduced alveolar surface tension- slow induction
  • Placental drug transfer
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24
Q

1 atm=?

MmHg, torr, bar, kPa, cmH2o, psi?

A

760 mmHg= 760 torr= 1 bar=100kPa=1020 cm h2o= 14.7 lb/in2

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25
Q

What is the bourdon gauge measure?

A
  • used in anesthesia to measure high pressures such as gas cylinders. Are zero referenced to atmospheric pressure
  • Contain a coiled tube that expands as pressure is applied
  • Linkage connects could to rotating arm that record the pressure
  • Gauge pressure is zero referenced at atmospheric pressure and reads zero at 760 mmHg at sea level
  • Gauge pressure is absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure
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26
Q

Pneumonic to remember gas laws?

A

Could these guys possible be violent?

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27
Q

Application of boyle’s Law in anesthesia?

A
  • Reservoir bag
  • Pneumatic Bellows
  • Squeezing bag
  • Bourdon gauge to calculate O2
  • Spontaneous breathing
  • bellows on ventilator
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28
Q

Charles’ Law

A

Volume and temperature directly related. Temp up volume up up

29
Q

Ideal gas law

A

PV=NRT or Pv=t for this class

30
Q

What law is used for the calibration of vaporizers

A

Avogadro’s hypothesis

31
Q

How much volume does 1 mole gas occupy at STP?

A

22.4 L

32
Q

What does Dalton’s law say?

A

Total pressure of gas mixture is sum of partial pressure of each gas

33
Q

Definition of critical temperature?

A

Temp above which substance goes into gaseous form in spite of how much pressure is applied

  • gas cannot be liquefied if ambient temp is greater than critical temp
  • Gas can be liquefied if sufficient pressure is applied at ambient temp below critical temp
34
Q

How do hospitals store oxygen and what law does that use?

A

Oxygen kept as liquid at -160 (store more volume) and application of critical temperature

35
Q

Describe the relationship b/w critical temp and liquefying?

A

If below critical temp, possible to liquefy gas with increased pressure

If above critical temp, you cannot liquefy gas no matter how much pressure applied

36
Q

What is adiabatic cooling?

A

Change in temperature of matter without gain or loss of heat.

Occurs when matter changes phase

Clinical application- N2O cylinder opened fully—> frost can form on the outlet due to cooling

37
Q

What is the Joule-Thompson Effect?

A

Expansion of gas causes cooling

Clinical Application- as gas leaves the cylinder, the expansion cools the surrounding air causing condensation of moisture on the cylinder

38
Q

What is poiseuille’s law?

A

Describes relationship between rate of flow and:
1) pressure gradient across length of tube- direct
2) radius- direct
3) length of tube- inverse
4) viscosity of the fluid - inverse
Q= p r4 D P
8 nL

39
Q

What are some applications of poiseuille’s law

A
  • IV flow
  • Airways
  • Vascular flow- polycythemia vs anemia
  • Thorpe tubes- at low flows
40
Q

At what point do we get turbulent flow?

A

Reynolds number >2000

41
Q

How do you find reynold’s number

A

Velocity x density x diameter/ viscosity

42
Q

What does Gay Lussac’s law state?

A

Direct relationship between pressure and temperature at a constant volume

43
Q

What is an application of gay-lussac’s law in anesthesia?

A

Full cylinder of compressed gas moved from A/C hospital (70) to loading dock (100 degrees) As temp increases, pressure increases

44
Q

What is the critical temp and storage of nitrous oxide

A

Cirtical temp- 36.5
Room temp ~25 degrees
Therefore, pressure can be applied to liquefy N2O at room tem[
- Nitrous is stored as liquid at pressure of 745 mmHg and at room temp

45
Q

Describe laminar versus turbulent flow in flowmeter

A

At low flow rates, annular shape orifice makes flow
laminar so VISCOSITY is determinant of flow

-At high flows near the wider top of the flowmeter, the annular opening is more like an orifice and DENSITY governs the flow

46
Q

What are factors that change flow form laminar to turbulent?

A

Increased velocity
Bend >20 degrees
irregularity in tube

47
Q

What is bernoulli’s theorem?

A
  • Relates pressure and velocity and how they interact
  • Lateral wall pressure is the LEAST at point of greatest constriction and the SPEED is the GREATEST

Narrow diameter= decrease lateral wall pressure= increase speed

Wider diameter= increase lateral wall pressure= decrease speed

48
Q

What is an application of bernoulli law?

A

Venturi tube

  • fluid flows through different cross sectional areas in different portions of tube
  • as tube narrows, velocity of fluid increases, thereby dropping pressure
  • velocity of the fluid can be found by measuring the pressure
49
Q

Clinical applications of bernoulli and venturi?

A
  • lateral pressure of rapidly flowing fluid in constricted tube can be subatmospheric, thereby can be used to aspirate another fluid into tube
    -Nebulizers
    -Venturi oxygen masks
    Jet ventilation
50
Q

What is Beer Lamberts law?

A
  • (BEER) Absorption of radiation by a given thickness of a solution of a given concentration is same as that of twice the thickness of a solution and half the concentration
  • Each layer of equal thickness absorbs an equal fraction of the radiation that passes through it (Lambert)
51
Q

How does pulse oximetry work?

A

-2 LED
One (red) emits light at 660 nm (DEOXYHGB)
-One (infrared) emits light at 940 nm (OXYHGB)
-Shine across pulsatile tissue bed
-Measure absorption on opposite side
-Compare red vs infrared light
-Calculate oxygen saturation

52
Q

Carboxyhgb gives what for pulse ox?

A

False high

53
Q

MethHGB does what to pulse ox?

A

If SAO2 >85%, false low

If Sao2 <85%, false high

54
Q

How does meythlene blue affect pulse ox?

A

False low

55
Q

What does La Place’s law state?

A

Pressure gradient across wall of a SPHERE or TUBE/CYLINDER is related to wall tension (direct) and radius (indirect)

T=PR

56
Q

What are clinical applications of La Place’s law?

A

1) Normal alveoli and need for surfactant
2) vascular pathology- aneurysm rupture due to increased wall tension
3) Ventricular volume and work of the heart- dilated ventricle has greater tension in its wall (end diastolic pressure rises)

57
Q

What does Ohm’s law state

A

Resistance which will allow one ampere of current to flow under the influence of one volt
R= Volt/ampere
W= potential energy/current
E (voltage)= I (current flow or amp)R (resistance)

58
Q

What are clinical applications of Ohm’s law

A
  • Strain guages in pressure transducers

- Thermistor

59
Q

What does 1 milliamp do?

A

Skin tingling/perception

60
Q

What does 5 milliamp do as macroshock?

A

Maximal “harmless current”

61
Q

What do 10-20 mamps do?

A

Let go of source

62
Q

What to 50 milliamp macroschock do?

A

Pain, LOC, Mechanical injury

63
Q

What do 100-300 milliamps do?

A

V fib, respiratory intact

64
Q

What does 6000 milliamps do?

A

Complete physiologic damage

65
Q

What does 50-100 micro amps do?

A

V=-fib

66
Q

What is an application of Charles’ law in anesthesia

A

ETT cuff rupturing in autoclave

67
Q

What is an application of ideal gas law in anesthesa?

A

Cylinder emptying. Volume stays the same, but moles are decreasing, so pressure decreases

68
Q

What is the definition of MAC?

A

Concentration of vapor (measures as a percentage at 1 atm ie.. partial pressure) that prevents reaction to standard surgical stimulus in 50% of subject

MAC= minimal alveolar concentration

Intro Anesthesia Part II (5 decks)

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